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Over millennia human well-being has benefited from ecosystems, not only through tangible goods, but also through intangible assets known as cultural ecosystem services. Despite growing research over the last decade, cultural services assessment still remains arbitrary and is largely limited to marketable services such as tourism. Evident difficulties in standardizing definitions and measurements have challenged cultural services accounting in decision making processes. However, the imminent formation of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services offers an opportunity to counterbalance this misrepresentation by establishing a scientific basis for consistently assessing cultural services. In that regard, the current review intends to facilitate discussion investigating the current state of cultural services accounting by offering an appraisal of existing evidence regarding cultural services indicator quality. The current review builds on scientifically recognized frameworks to develop a holistic understanding of how cultural services indicators are conceived within ecosystem services research. Among the measures found, benefit indicators were most frequently used for assessing inspirational, educational and recreational services. A broad variety of methods for accounting cultural services was found, mainly due to the varied aims of the studies. Most of the cultural services indicators were deficient concerning their clarity of definitions, purposes and understanding of the processes to be measured and referring only marginally to tradeoffs and bundles with other services. Only 17% performed multitemporal assessments and 23% used spatially explicit information. It seems that cultural services indicators quality could be greatly enhanced by investing more effort towards involving relevant stakeholders in conceptualization and communication phases, using participatory mapping tools to enhance visibility.
Numerous studies underline the importance of immaterial benefits provided by ecosystems and especially by cultural landscapes, which are shaped by intimate human–nature interactions. However, due to methodological challenges, cultural ecosystem services are rarely fully considered in ecosystem services assessments. This study performs a spatially explicit participatory mapping of the complete range of cultural ecosystem services and several disservices perceived by people living in a cultural landscape in Eastern Germany. The results stem from a combination of mapping exercises and structured interviews with 93 persons that were analyzed with statistical and GIS-based techniques. The results show that respondents relate diverse cultural services and multiple local-level sites to their individual well-being. Most importantly, aesthetic values, social relations and educational values were reported. Underlining the holistic nature of cultural ecosystem services, the results reveal bundles of services as well as particular patterns in the perception of these bundles for respondent groups with different socio-demographic backgrounds. Cultural services are not scattered randomly across a landscape, but rather follow specific patterns in terms of the intensity, richness and diversity of their provision. Resulting hotspots and coldspots of ecosystem services provision are related to landscape features and land cover forms. We conclude that, despite remaining methodological challenges, cultural services mapping assessments should be pushed ahead as indispensable elements in the management and protection of cultural landscapes. Spatially explicit information on cultural ecosystem services that incorporates the differentiated perceptions of local populations provides a rich basis for the development of sustainable land management strategies. These could realign the agendas of biodiversity conservation and cultural heritage preservation, thereby fostering multifunctionality.
Die Vielschichtigkeit der über 4500-jährigen schriftlichen ägyptischen Texttradition mit ineinander greifenden Sprachstufen, niedergelegt in verschiedene Schriftformen, hat einen adäquaten einheitlichen Zugang zum ägyptischen Wortschatz erschwert. Das Ägyptisch-Koptische wurde bisher lexikographisch separat innerhalb von Teildisziplinen erschlossen - für das Hieroglyphisch-Hieratische, für das Demotische und für das Koptische in jeweils eigenen Wörterbüchern. Um einen einheitlichen Zugang zum ägyptisch-koptischen Wortschatz zu schaffen und auch den Sprachwandel dieser Sprache besser abbilden zu können, wird eine integrierte elektronische Wortliste geschaffen, in der Lexeme aus allen Sprachstufen in allen überlieferten Schriftformen verzeichnet und miteinander vernetzt dargestellt werden. Die Schwierigkeiten bei der Abbildung des synchronen und diachronen Wortgebrauchs mit einem damit verbundenen Wechsel in Orthographie und Lautung sowie in Syntax und Semantik werden an ausgewählten Beispielen dargestellt.
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Virtually all conventional text-based natural language processing techniques - from traditional information retrieval systems to full-fledged parsers - require reference to a fixed lexicon accessed by surface form, typically trained from or constructed for synchronic input text adhering strictly to contemporary orthographic conventions. Unconventional input such as historical text which violates these conventions therefore presents difficulties for any such system due to lexical variants present in the input but missing from the application lexicon. To facilitate the extension of synchronically-oriented natural language processing techniques to historical text while minimizing the need for specialized lexical resources, one may first attempt an automatic canonicalization of the input text. This paper provides an informal overview of the various canonicalization techniques currently employed by the Deutsches Textarchiv project at the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities to prepare a corpus of historical German text for part-of-speech tagging, lemmatization, and integration into a robust online information retrieval system.
Die Schaffung des Bonner Frühneuhhochdeutsch-Referenzcorpus "Frühneuhochdeutsch", das seit 2011 an der Ruhr Universität Bochum in Zusammenarbeit mit der Universitäten Halle und Potsdam geschaffen wird, kann auf zwei zwischen 1972-1985 geschaffenen Bonner Corpora aufbauen: das große Gesamtcorpus, bestehend aus 1500 Texten vom 14.-17. Jahrhundert (aufgebaut 1972-74) und einem elektronischen Teilcorpus, bestehend aus 40 annotierten Texten (aufgebaut 1972-1985). Das elektronische Teilcorpus diente bisher mit seiner Annotation von Flexionsformen in Forschung und Lehre. Datenbestand und Struktur dieses Teilcorpus werden für die Schaffung des neuen Referenzcorpus genutzt, korrigiert, um bisher nicht digitalisierte Texte aus dem Gesamtcorpus erweitert und nach neuen Standards annotiert. Dieses Referenzcorpus des Frühneuhochdeutschen wird als Teil in ein umfassendes Historisches Referenzcorpus des Deutschen einfließen (von den Anfängen der deutschen Überlieferung bis 1800). Es soll für die Forschung zum Frühneuhochdeutschen zur Verfügung stehen. Abgelöst davon soll das alte Bonner Teilcorpus weiterhin zur Nutzung bereit stehen.
This article is a report from the edition of Schleiermacher’s correspondence within the critical Schleiermacher edition (Kritische Gesamtausgabe, KGA) and puts forth a surprising revision which was discovered during work on vol. 10 (1808–1810): with the exception of one letter the letters from Schleiermacher’s sister-in-law and friend of Ernst-Moritz Arndt, Charlotte von Kathen (1778–1850), to Friedrich Schleiermacher, should be attributed to a different Charlotte, Schleiermachers’s friend Charlotte Cummerow. The correspondence between Friedrich Schleiermacher and Charlotte Cummerow was assumed until now not to have been handed down. The article shows with a look at the transmission history how this false attribution came about through Dilthey and which indications led to this revision. The delineated description here of the two correspondences is completed by a tabular overview of the revised correspondences of Schleiermacher with Charlotte von Kathen and Charlotte Cummerow.