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Over millennia human well-being has benefited from ecosystems, not only through tangible goods, but also through intangible assets known as cultural ecosystem services. Despite growing research over the last decade, cultural services assessment still remains arbitrary and is largely limited to marketable services such as tourism. Evident difficulties in standardizing definitions and measurements have challenged cultural services accounting in decision making processes. However, the imminent formation of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services offers an opportunity to counterbalance this misrepresentation by establishing a scientific basis for consistently assessing cultural services. In that regard, the current review intends to facilitate discussion investigating the current state of cultural services accounting by offering an appraisal of existing evidence regarding cultural services indicator quality. The current review builds on scientifically recognized frameworks to develop a holistic understanding of how cultural services indicators are conceived within ecosystem services research. Among the measures found, benefit indicators were most frequently used for assessing inspirational, educational and recreational services. A broad variety of methods for accounting cultural services was found, mainly due to the varied aims of the studies. Most of the cultural services indicators were deficient concerning their clarity of definitions, purposes and understanding of the processes to be measured and referring only marginally to tradeoffs and bundles with other services. Only 17% performed multitemporal assessments and 23% used spatially explicit information. It seems that cultural services indicators quality could be greatly enhanced by investing more effort towards involving relevant stakeholders in conceptualization and communication phases, using participatory mapping tools to enhance visibility.
Die kommentierende Quellenstudie „Die Lehndorffs. Lebenswelten einer ostpreußischen Adelsfamilie zwischen 1700 und 1945“ gibt Einblick in die Geschichte der Grafen von Lehndorff vor dem Hintergrund der allgemeinen politischen, gesellschaftlichen und wirtschaftlichen Verhältnisse und in der Abfolge mehrerer Generationen. Sie beschreibt in vielfältiger Weise das Leben auf dem Gutsbesitz Steinort in Ostpreußen, in Königsberg und Berlin vom 18. bis in das 20. Jahrhundert ab. Die Sachgebiete, die dabei angesprochen werden, reichen von der Ansiedlung bis zur Errichtung des Herrenhauses, von adliger Herrschaftsausübung bis zum Lehnsrecht, von der Dorfverfassung bis zum Landesrecht, von der Religion bis zur Politik, von der Bildung bis zum Leben adliger Frauen.
Emergence, analysis and optimization of structures - Concepts and strategies across disciplines
(2007)
The study of structures is a common concern of all scientific disciplines. The motivation as well as the methods of analysis, however, differ considerably. In engineering, the generation of artifacts, of infrastructures or technological processes are of primary interest. Frequently, the analysis aims at an optimization of the structures and the structure generating processes. Quite different is the study and explanation of existing structures in biology and the social sciences. Here the question of optimality does not present itself in an unambiguous manner. Generally, it must be questioned whether biological and social structures, although developing in an evolutionary way, can be considered as leading towards an a-priori defineable goal of optimality. The complex scenario of qualitative and quantitative modeling, and the goal-oriented and statistical approaches to understanding the meliorisation efforts in the various fields of the sciences and humanities define the scope of this book. Its intention is to create trans-disciplinary insights into methods to fecundate the custom disciplinary approaches.
Eine von Jean-Jacques Forty 1793/94 ausgeführte Ölskizze (Paris, Musée Carnavalet, Inv. P. 414) hat den Kult des Höchsten Wesens (Être Suprême) zum Thema, der von Robespierre als Reaktion auf die Dechristianisierung eingeführt worden war. Bei der Umsetzung des Themas kommen zahlreiche Metaphern zum Einsatz, die die Französische Revolution hervorgebracht hat. Fortys Vorstellung einer Eintracht der Religionsgemeinschaften um das Être Suprême war 1790 ein Auftritt Anacharsis Cloots in der Assemblée constituante vorausgegangen, bei dem Vertretern verschiedener Nationen die Teilnahme am bevorstehenden Fest des 1. Jahrestages der Französischen Revolution erwirkt werden sollte. Cloots universeller Anspruch spiegelt sich in Fortys wenige Jahre später entstandenem Gemälde "Les peuples du monde rendant hommage à l'Être suprême" wieder, wo er nicht zuletzt auch durch den bildformalen Rekurs auf Raffaels "Schule von Athen" geltend gemacht wird.
Funktion und Bewusstsein
(2008)
Bewusstsein und Freiheit
(2008)
Das Feld der computerunterstützten Analyse von Filmen ist in den Digital Humanities noch vergleichbar neu. Ein Aspekt der dabei besondere Aufmerksamkeit erfahren hat ist die Analyse der Farblichkeit in Filmen. Die meisten Projekte greifen dabei auf den im Kontext der Farbquantifizierung gängigen K-Means Clustering Algorithmus zurück. Der Vortrag zeigt, warum dieser Ansatz für die Filminterpretation nur bedingt brauchbar ist und warum bisherige Ansätze eines Konzepts ermangeln, welches die Probleme in Zusammenhang mit K-Means zu reflektieren und zu kompensieren vermag. Er schlägt eine alternative Herangehensweise auf der Grundlage der Farbkontrasttheorie von Johannes Itten vor und zeigt, wie innerhalb dieses Konzepts computerunterstützt mit Filmen gearbeitet werden kann. Die aufgezeigten Probleme und Vorschläge werden dabei an Hand von aktuellem Filmmaterial aus dem Genre des Zombiefilms illustriert.
In der gedruckten Variante des alle sechs Jahre erscheinenden "Surveys of Numismatic Research" kann jeweils nur die wichtigste Literatur erfasst werden. Die hier veröffentlichte Datei enthält eine weitaus umfangreichere Literaturliste zu den numismatischen Forschungen auf dem Gebiet der antiken griechischen Münzprägungen im Balkanraum und dem Nördlichen Schwarzmeergebiet von 2008-2013.
The potential of agriculture, forestry, and other land uses to sequester carbon offers a powerful tool for controlling the global climate regime, but practices capable of creating “collateral” benefits for landscape conservation have thus far been disregarded. This paper calls for greater integration of scattered trees into agricultural landscapes, hypothesizing that agroforestry practices effectively store carbon and deliver other important ecosystem services as well. Several agroforests from the Upper Lusatia area in Eastern Germany have been selected for analysis. They cover relatively large areas of land (8.2%), even within this intensively used agricultural landscape, and their extent increased from 1964-2008 by 19.4%. Practices of conserving or promoting the six agroforest classes are compared with a catalogue of essential properties for becoming effective “carbon offset projects”. Criteria from mandatory and voluntary carbon markets for carbon sequestration are then applied (additionality, baselines, permanence, and carbon leakage). The study concludes that steps towards realization of “carbon sequestration projects” should include collecting empirical evidence regarding the carbon sequestration potential of temperate agroforestry systems, developing localised demonstration projects, and upscaling these projects to participate in established carbon markets.
This study explores the potential of historical maps to detect, measure and monitor changes of trees outside forests. The main goal is to assess local-level changes of scattered trees and orchards and their land-use determinants in two areas in Southern Germany between 1901/1905 and 2009. Firstly, overall landscape changes are recorded. Secondly, the spatial-temporal trajectories of scattered trees and their land-use determinants are identified. Thirdly, changes in quantity and fragmentation patterns of traditional orchards are analyzed in their relationship to overall land-cover change. The results confirm major losses in scattered trees, mainly due to urbanization, agricultural intensification, and land abandonment. They further reveal that, while orchards have persisted in total area, they have undergone critical changes towards a simplified landscape structure and loss of the traditional land-use mosaic, which is a characterizing feature of high nature value landscapes. Multi-temporal assessment showed that most trends have been continuous and did not change directions over time, but rather accelerated during periods of rapid change (most dramatically in the 1950-1990 period). The case of orchards and scattered trees illustrates a major problem of cultural landscapes in Europe: Semi-natural landscape features of high nature value are threatened by both intensification and abandonment of land uses. This makes their conservation a potentially costly enterprise, as both opportunity costs for lost alternative land uses and for conservation management costs arise.
Numerous studies underline the importance of immaterial benefits provided by ecosystems and especially by cultural landscapes, which are shaped by intimate human–nature interactions. However, due to methodological challenges, cultural ecosystem services are rarely fully considered in ecosystem services assessments. This study performs a spatially explicit participatory mapping of the complete range of cultural ecosystem services and several disservices perceived by people living in a cultural landscape in Eastern Germany. The results stem from a combination of mapping exercises and structured interviews with 93 persons that were analyzed with statistical and GIS-based techniques. The results show that respondents relate diverse cultural services and multiple local-level sites to their individual well-being. Most importantly, aesthetic values, social relations and educational values were reported. Underlining the holistic nature of cultural ecosystem services, the results reveal bundles of services as well as particular patterns in the perception of these bundles for respondent groups with different socio-demographic backgrounds. Cultural services are not scattered randomly across a landscape, but rather follow specific patterns in terms of the intensity, richness and diversity of their provision. Resulting hotspots and coldspots of ecosystem services provision are related to landscape features and land cover forms. We conclude that, despite remaining methodological challenges, cultural services mapping assessments should be pushed ahead as indispensable elements in the management and protection of cultural landscapes. Spatially explicit information on cultural ecosystem services that incorporates the differentiated perceptions of local populations provides a rich basis for the development of sustainable land management strategies. These could realign the agendas of biodiversity conservation and cultural heritage preservation, thereby fostering multifunctionality.
Eastern Mediterranean silvopastoral oak woodlands have been greatly damaged through forest conversion, illegal lumbering, overgrazing, and forest fires. The aim of this study was to assess land-use changes and the legacies that they have imprinted on the forest structure of Quercus macrolepis and accompanying Quercus pubescens and Quercus cerris woodlands on Lesvos Island, Greece. The size-structures of adult oak populations were analyzed as indicators of long-term oak regeneration, while short-term recruitment was determined by counting oak seedlings and saplings. The size-structure of the adult Q. macrolepis population was similar to the inverse J-shaped distribution typical for natural Mediterranean oak forests, indicating continuous recruitment with a constant mortality rate of mature individuals. Seedling and sapling densities were highly variable, but generally low in relation to adult oak densities. Recruitment of oak seedlings and saplings was positively related to determinants such as forest cover, adult oak density and basal area, woody plant richness, and litter cover. Both seedling and sapling occurrence was negatively associated with dung frequency, which suggests that sheep grazing imposes a barrier to oak recruitment. The study outlines a comprehensive land-use transition from the 1950s to the 1970s, during which a complex and multifunctional agrosilvopastoral land-use system was simplified to an intensive grazing system. The discrepancy between the successful long-term regeneration and the less successful short-term recruitment of oaks illustrates that intensified livestock grazing has been a major driver of vegetation change. Grazing impact is likely to interact with increasing drought conditions, which may trigger a negative feedback cycle that undermines the capacity of woodlands to sustain ecosystem services.