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Validity of physical laws for any aspect of brain activity and strict correlation of mental to physical states of the brain do not imply, with logical necessity, that a complete algorithmic theory of the mind-body relation is possible. A limit of decodability may be imposed by the finite number of possible analytical operations which is rooted in the finiteness of the world. It is considered as a fundamental intrinsic limitation of the scientific approach comparable to quantum indeterminacy and the theorems of logical undecidability. An analysis of these limits, applied to dispositions of future behaviour, suggests that limits of decodability of the psycho-physic relation may actually exist with respect to brain states with self-referential aspects, as they are involved in mental processes. Limits for an algorithmic theory of the mind-body problem suggested by this study are formally similar to other intrinsic limits of the scientific method such as quantum indeterminacy and mathematical undecidability which are also related to self-referential operations. At the metatheoretical level, hard sciences, despite their reliability, universality and objectivity, depend on metatheoretical presuppositions which allow for multiple philosophical interpretations.
Aggregates of previously isolated cells of Hydra are capable, under suitable solvant conditions, of regeneration forming complete animals. In a first stage, ecto- and endodermal cells sort out, producing the bilayered hollow structure characteristic of Hydra tissue; thereafter, heads are formed (even if the original cell preparation contained no head cells), eventually leading to the separation of normal animals with head, body column and foot. Hydra appears to be the highest type of organism that allows for regeneration of the entire structure from random cell aggregates. The system is particularly useful for studying cell interactions, tissue polarity, pattern formation, and cell differentiation.
The generation of viral mutants in vitro was demonstrated by treatment of the isolated RNA of Tobacco Mosaic Virus by nitrous acid. This agent causes deaminations converting cytosine into uracil, and adenine into hypoxanthine. Our assay for mutagenesis was the production of local lesions on a tobacco variety on which the untreated strain produces systemic infections only. A variety of different mutants are generated in this way. Quantitative analysis of the kinetics of mutagenesis leads to the conclusion that alteration of a single out of the 6000 nucleotides of the viral RNA is sufficient for causing a mutation.
The development of modern science has depended strongly on specific features of the cultures involved; however, its results are widely and transculturally accepted and applied. The science and technology of electricity, for example, emerged as a specific product of post-Renaissance Europe, rooted in the Greek philosophical tradition that encourages explanations of nature in theoretical terms. It did not evolve in China presumably because such encouragement was missing. The transcultural acceptance of modern science and technology is postulated to be due, in part, to the common biological dispositions underlying human cognition, with generalizable capabilities of abstract, symbolic and strategic thought. These faculties of the human mind are main prerequisites for dynamic cultural development and differentiation. They appear to have evolved up to a stage of hunters and gatherers perhaps some 100 000 years ago. However, the extent of the correspondence between some constructions of the human mind and the order of nature, as revealed by science, is a late insight of the last two centuries. Unless we subscribe to extreme forms of constructivism or historical relativism, we may take the success and the formal structure of science as indications of a close, intrinsic relation between the physical and the mental, between the order of nature and the structure of human cognition. At the metatheoretical level, however, modern science is consistent with philosophical and cultural diversity.
Der Vortrag über den im Titel „Naturwissenschaft und Menschenbild“ umschriebenen Problemkreis, der natur- und kulturwissenschaftliche Aspekte betrifft, bildete den Abschluss des Symposiums über das Thema „Wie entstehen neue Qualitäten in komplexen Systemen“ am 18. Dezember 1998 in Berlin zum 50-jährigen Gründungsjubiläum der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. Schwerpunkte sind Reichweite und Grenzen naturwissenschaftlicher Erklärung von Bewusstsein, evolutionsbiologische Grundlagen von Kooperativität und Empathie, sowie die kulturellen Verallgemeinerungs- und Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten biologisch angelegter Fähigkeiten, insbesondere was die Aktivierung der fragilen und begrenzten, aber durchaus realen und wichtigen Ressource „Gemeinsinn“ angeht.
Abstract (ger): Die Flüssigkeitsschichten, die um ein sich bewegendes Molekül herumfließen, haben infolge der endlichen Abmessungen der Flüssigkeitsmolekeln eine endliche Dicke. Die Berücksichtigung dieses Umstandes führt zu einer Modifikation der Stokesschen Gesetze der Kontinuumstheorie für den Zusammenhang zwischen Reibung und Viskosität. Es ergibt sich die richtige Größenordnung und ungefähr die richtige Radienabhängigkeit der beobachteten Mikroreibung, und zwar sowohl für die Rotation als auch für die Translation.
Die Entstehung der modernen Naturwissenschaften beruhte auf sehr spezifischen Merkmalen der daran beteiligten Kulturen, und doch sind ihre Erkenntnisse und Ergebnisse transkulturell und weltweit akzeptiert. So waren die Elektrizitätslehre und die Elektrotechnik spezifische Produkte der europäischen Kultur der Neuzeit, die ihrerseits auf einer bestimmten Sequenz und Kombination kultureller und interkultureller Entwicklungen bis zurück zur altgriechischen Philosophie aufbauten. Sie entstanden nicht in China, wo die Kraft des theoretischen Denkens nicht in gleicher Weise eingeschätzt wurde. Warum wurden dann aber moderne Wissenschaft und Technik transkulturell wirksam? Ein Hauptgrund dafür dürfte darin bestehen, daß die zugrunde liegenden kognitiven Fähigkeiten - Fähigkeiten der Abstraktion, des symbolischen und strategischen Denkens - auf einer biologischen Basis beruhen, die der gesamten heutigen Spezies Mensch gemeinsam ist. Gegenstand wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnis sind aber auch die prinzipiellen Grenzen der Erkenntnis; sie bedingen, daß naturwissenschaftliches Denken, das seine eigenen Grenzen kritisch reflektiert, auf der metatheoretischen Ebene mit verschiedenen philosophischen und kulturellen Interpretationen des Menschen und der Welt vereinbar ist. Dazu gehören auch religiöse Interpretationen, die die Ordnung der Natur mit dem menschlichen Geist verbinden und es dem Menschen aufgeben, diese Ordnung mit Hilfe seines Denkens zu erleben und zu erfahren.
The short paper introduces the concept of possible branches of double-stranded DNA (later sometimes called palindromes): Certain sequences of nucleotides may be followed, after a short unpaired stretch, by a complementary sequence in reversed order, such that each DNA strand can fold back on itself, and the DNA assumes a cruciform or tree-like structure. This is postulated to interact with regulatory proteins.
Upon separation of the protein from the nucleic acid component of tobacco mosaic virus by phenol, using a fast and gentle procedure, the nucleic acid is infective in assays on tobacco leaves. A series of qualitative and quantitative control experiments demonstrates that the biological activity cannot depend on residual proteins in the preparation, but is a property of isolated nucleic acid which is thus the genetic material of the virus.