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Local Concepts of Health and Illness in Transition: Examples from Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea societies integrate traditional medicine, biomedicine, shamanic practices, and Christian healing techniques into herbal therapies. During an episode of illness, patients pragmatically apply different diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Concepts of person and body are central to indigenous illness etiologies and therapeutic practices. This contribution offers an insight into local concepts of health in Papua New Guinea, shows interfaces of local medical systems with biomedical approaches, and addresses the constant change to which medical systems are subject.
Body Resonance: On the Neophenomenological Concept of Health. In contemporary philosophy, one can observe a trend of reorientation towards the (living) body (Leib), thereby declaring it a relevant topic of philosophical thinking. In this article, the so-called New Phenomenology will be discussed as an approach that aims to overcome the ignorance of health in Western philosophy. Following the ideas of Hermann Schmitz, the founder of New Phenomenology, the author introduces the concept of body resonance (Leibesgestimmtheit). In addition, some therapeutic tendencies within the neophenomenological scene are presented.
Ich stand im Badezimmer und hatte plötzlich das Gefühl, doppelt zu sehen. Beunruhigt ging ich zum Arzt, der mich gleich in die Klinik weiterleitete: Ich hatte einen kurzen Schlaganfall erlitten, dessen Folgen anschließend nicht mehr festgestellt werden konnten. Was die Ärzte bei den Tests aber sehr wohl sahen: Mein Blutdruck war erhöht, wenn auch nur leicht. Und das, obwohl ich mich doch einmal pro Woche im Sportverein fit hielt. Aber es reichte nicht, das wurde mir klar. Und ich beschloss, etwas zu ändern.
Die Gentechnologien bergen auch 20 Jahre nach der Gründung der IAG Gentechnologiebericht eine gesellschaftliche Sprengkraft, bedingt durch eine hohe wissenschaftliche Dynamik, die immer stärker von der Grundlagenforschung in die Anwendung dringt. Neue Methoden, z. B. des Genome-Editing, beschleunigen zudem die Entwicklung und beeinflussen dabei alle gentechnischen Forschungs- und Anwendungsbereiche. Die IAG hat die unterschiedlichen Gentechnologien mit ihren jeweiligen Anwendungsbereichen getrennt in den Blick genommen. Beobachtet wurden insbesondere die Stammzell- und Organoidforschung, die Epigenetik, die Gendiagnostik, die Einzelzellanalytik, die somatische Gentherapie, die Grüne Gentechnologie und die synthetische Biologie. Nach 20 Jahren Laufzeit der IAG werden im Folgenden die aktuell als zentral angesehenen Entwicklungen und darauf bezogene Handlungsempfehlungen für die genannten Themenbereiche zusammengefasst.
Health Data as a Public Good. Routine health data, which are collected by health insurers and other agencies in the health care system, offer enormous potential for health monitoring and research. Germany has been slow to make such data available for socially beneficial purposes, partly due to concerns about privacy and data protection. Against this background, we discuss some of the most important potential uses of routine health data and call for a broader societal debate about the benefits, risks, and appropriate regulation of routine health data usage.We then review theWestern Australian Data Linkage System as an example of a data infrastructure that is characterized by high levels of stakeholder and patient involvement and a sophisticated method of privacy protection. While Germany does not need to copy this approach, we hope that the experiences of Western Australia and other countries will stimulate and inform the overdue debate about a modern, responsible, and sustainable approach to socially beneficial health data usage in Germany.
Concepts of Health in Psychiatry. In talking about concepts of health in psychiatry,we are not talking about an essentialist concept of health, where there is some essential thing that health might be. There is a straightforward sense in which psychiatric „health“ simply means the absence of psychiatric disease. Marking out our concepts of health in psychiatry would then involve marking out the boundaries between normal and abnormal psychic phenomena. However, there is no single, neat concept of health in psychiatry; nor are there concepts of health that neatly cohere into one overarching theory of health. This is not because psychiatry is vague. It is because psychiatry reflects the complexity of the whole person.
Health, Lifestyle and Responsibility: Historical Roots and Current Perspectives. The question to what extent health and disease are matters of individual and collective human responsibility was first raised and systematically discussed in ancient Greek medicine and philosophy in the 5th and 4th century BCE. This chapter discusses the consequences of these discussions for the definition of the aims and methods of the medical art, in particular the preservation and enhancement of health and the prevention of disease through lifestyle-related prophylactic and therapeutic measures. It also considers some of the implications of these ancient discussions for today’s theory and practice of preventative and lifestyle-related medicine.
Physician Health in the Workplace. Physicians are exposed to a variety of risks in their everyday work. There is an obvious risk, especially in view of the current pandemic, of contracting communicable diseases like COVID-19, HIV and Hepatitis C. The commercialization of healthcare and associated cost-saving measures – particularly in the field of human resources – lead to unhealthy workloads and, correspondingly, an increased risk of suffering from psychological disorders like burnout and depression. Scientific studies reveal a correlation between psychological stress and the quality of patient care. The health of medical personnel must be given high priority in the interest of both patients and those working in the healthcare system. This requires adequate funding with staffing that is appropriate to the patient and the task at hand, thus ensuring humane and high-quality patient care. In addition, physicians must be relieved of performing non-medical tasks, and their resilience must be strengthened through individual and operational measures.
Doing Health: Chinese and Other Perspectives. In ancient China, health was related to the individual person and their unique life. Both medical and philosophical texts testify to this: Maintaining vitality in the course of one’s own lifespan was a priority. Daily caring for one’s health revolved around Qi 氣 – a universal medium that is at the same time material and spiritual, emotional and neutral, unitary and diverse, as well as biological, psychological and physiological. Health thus becomes a verb, an act, a property to be preserved, a wavering and oscillating between pleasure and strength. Not least because of the pandemic, the demand for ‘traditional’ healing expertise rose worldwide. Against this background, early Chinese views on life are of unprecedented importance: From their perspective, a reorientation of public and global health policies seems inevitable.