Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Preprint (42) (remove)
Language
- German (29)
- English (12)
- Multiple languages (1)
Keywords
- Bewusstsein (16)
- Anthropologie (15)
- Humanprojekt (15)
- Mensch (15)
- Natur (15)
- Landnutzung (4)
- Ökosystemleistungen (4)
- Korpus <Linguistik> (3)
- evolution (3)
- evolutionary algorithms (3)
Has Fulltext
- yes (42) (remove)
Institute
- Interdisziplinäre Arbeitsgruppe Humanprojekt (15)
- Drittmittelprojekt Ökosystemleistungen (7)
- Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (4)
- Interdisziplinäre Arbeitsgruppe Strukturbildung und Innovation (3)
- TELOTA - IT/Digital Humanities (3)
- Veröffentlichungen von Akademiemitgliedern (3)
- Akademienvorhaben Altägyptisches Wörterbuch (2)
- Akademienvorhaben Die alexandrinische und antiochenische Bibelexegese in der Spätantike (2)
- Akademienvorhaben Griechisches Münzwerk (1)
- Akademienvorhaben Turfanforschung (1)
- Drittmittelprojekt Deutsches Textarchiv (1)
- Drittmittelprojekt Lebenswelten, Erfahrungsräume und politische Horizonte der ostpreußischen Adelsfamilie Lehndorff vom 18. bis in das 20. Jahrhundert (1)
- Veröffentlichungen der Akademiebibliothek (1)
Der Beitrag beleuchtet die Entwicklung des wissenschaftlichen Publikationswesens der letzten 25 Jahre in Hinblick auf die Möglichkeiten, die sich durch neue technische Entwicklungen ergeben haben: Digitalisierung, digital erstellte Texte, digitale Hilfsmittel zur Erstellung elektronischer Zeitschriften und digitale Repositorien für die Publikation wissenschaftlicher Texte. Die nach langem Vorlauf nunmehr erfolgreiche Open-Access-Bewegung, verbunden mit dem Wunsch nach Verfügbarmachung wissenschaftlicher Daten (Open Data ) und der Bereitstellung wissenschaftlicher Software (Open Source), fördert eine Öffnung der Wissenschaft für alle und bildet die Grundlage für Open Science, welches als das zentrale Ziel der Veränderung des wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisprozesses dargestellt wird. Der Umbruch des wissenschaftlichen Publikationswesens begann in den harten Wissenschaften, allen voran in der Mathematik, und setzt sich jetzt nach und nach auch in den Geisteswissenschaften durch. Desiderate, Probleme und Hindernisse auf dem Weg zu Open Science, aber auch Erfolge des elektronischen Publizierens werden in dem Beitrag skizziert.
Emergence, analysis and optimization of structures - Concepts and strategies across disciplines
(2007)
The study of structures is a common concern of all scientific disciplines. The motivation as well as the methods of analysis, however, differ considerably. In engineering, the generation of artifacts, of infrastructures or technological processes are of primary interest. Frequently, the analysis aims at an optimization of the structures and the structure generating processes. Quite different is the study and explanation of existing structures in biology and the social sciences. Here the question of optimality does not present itself in an unambiguous manner. Generally, it must be questioned whether biological and social structures, although developing in an evolutionary way, can be considered as leading towards an a-priori defineable goal of optimality. The complex scenario of qualitative and quantitative modeling, and the goal-oriented and statistical approaches to understanding the meliorisation efforts in the various fields of the sciences and humanities define the scope of this book. Its intention is to create trans-disciplinary insights into methods to fecundate the custom disciplinary approaches.
Funktion und Bewusstsein
(2008)
Most industrial countries have experienced a transformation of land use: from decreasing to expanding forest areas, the so-called forest transition. Outside closed forests, European rural landscapes exhibit a diversity of tree-based agricultural systems, but the question of whether this forest transition has also affected ‘trees outside forests’ has rarely been studied. The aim of this study is to analyze the spatial-temporal dynamics of farm trees and woodlands in an agricultural landscape in Eastern Germany from 1964 to 2008, based on aerial photographs and digital orthophotos. Taking a landscape ecological perspective, we quantify farm tree dynamics, disentangle processes of gain and loss in the socialist and post-socialist periods of Eastern Germany, and assess differences in ecosystem services provided by farm trees. A substantial increase of overall tree cover by 24.8% was observed for the selected time period, but trajectories have been disparate across different farm tree classes. The increase in tree cover was stronger in steep valleys than on hills and plateaus, indicating a significant interdependence between topography and trajectories of change. Patch numbers of farm trees did not increase, which suggests that the expansion of tree cover is mostly due to a spatial expansion of previously existing tree patches. Overall net gains in tree cover were rather similar during the socialist and post-socialist eras. The general increase in tree cover was accompanied by increases in agriculture-related ecosystem service provision, but the increase in pollination and pest control services was much lower than that in water purification services. These findings present the first empirical evidence from an industrialized country that there is also an ongoing ‘forest transition’ outside closed forests. Potential, partially counteracting drivers of change during the socialist and post-socialist periods have mainly been related to farm policies and the environmental consciousness of land users and society as a whole.
Eastern Mediterranean silvopastoral oak woodlands have been greatly damaged through forest conversion, illegal lumbering, overgrazing, and forest fires. The aim of this study was to assess land-use changes and the legacies that they have imprinted on the forest structure of Quercus macrolepis and accompanying Quercus pubescens and Quercus cerris woodlands on Lesvos Island, Greece. The size-structures of adult oak populations were analyzed as indicators of long-term oak regeneration, while short-term recruitment was determined by counting oak seedlings and saplings. The size-structure of the adult Q. macrolepis population was similar to the inverse J-shaped distribution typical for natural Mediterranean oak forests, indicating continuous recruitment with a constant mortality rate of mature individuals. Seedling and sapling densities were highly variable, but generally low in relation to adult oak densities. Recruitment of oak seedlings and saplings was positively related to determinants such as forest cover, adult oak density and basal area, woody plant richness, and litter cover. Both seedling and sapling occurrence was negatively associated with dung frequency, which suggests that sheep grazing imposes a barrier to oak recruitment. The study outlines a comprehensive land-use transition from the 1950s to the 1970s, during which a complex and multifunctional agrosilvopastoral land-use system was simplified to an intensive grazing system. The discrepancy between the successful long-term regeneration and the less successful short-term recruitment of oaks illustrates that intensified livestock grazing has been a major driver of vegetation change. Grazing impact is likely to interact with increasing drought conditions, which may trigger a negative feedback cycle that undermines the capacity of woodlands to sustain ecosystem services.
Agroecosystems are vital for supplying ecosystem services to human society, but most modern farming practices impact detrimentally on the environment. Public agricultural support policies have been critically important in influencing the transformation of the farm sectors; however, few of them have been dedicated to enhancing ecosystem services beyond agricultural commodities. The largest agricultural support system worldwide, the European Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), has now come to a critical point, as major decisions concerning its design and implementation after 2013 are about to be taken. The debate on this reform process presents a unique opportunity to trigger a transition from commodity-based subsidy policies to policies centered on efficient provision of ecosystem services from agricultural land. To prompt such discussion, we formulate key recommendations informed by a review of ecosystem services literature and address verifiable links to human well-being, non-market valuation for balanced services provision, treatment of ecosystem services bundles, site-specific and regionalized approaches, matching spatial scales for different ecosystem services, funding permanence for payment schemes, strong monitoring and adaptive approaches to tackling uncertainties, and coherent cross-sectoral policy design. If these issues were to be considered in formulating and implementing future CAP, it might become an exemplar for redirecting agricultural policies elsewhere in the world towards sustainability.
This study explores the potential of historical maps to detect, measure and monitor changes of trees outside forests. The main goal is to assess local-level changes of scattered trees and orchards and their land-use determinants in two areas in Southern Germany between 1901/1905 and 2009. Firstly, overall landscape changes are recorded. Secondly, the spatial-temporal trajectories of scattered trees and their land-use determinants are identified. Thirdly, changes in quantity and fragmentation patterns of traditional orchards are analyzed in their relationship to overall land-cover change. The results confirm major losses in scattered trees, mainly due to urbanization, agricultural intensification, and land abandonment. They further reveal that, while orchards have persisted in total area, they have undergone critical changes towards a simplified landscape structure and loss of the traditional land-use mosaic, which is a characterizing feature of high nature value landscapes. Multi-temporal assessment showed that most trends have been continuous and did not change directions over time, but rather accelerated during periods of rapid change (most dramatically in the 1950-1990 period). The case of orchards and scattered trees illustrates a major problem of cultural landscapes in Europe: Semi-natural landscape features of high nature value are threatened by both intensification and abandonment of land uses. This makes their conservation a potentially costly enterprise, as both opportunity costs for lost alternative land uses and for conservation management costs arise.
Das Feld der computerunterstützten Analyse von Filmen ist in den Digital Humanities noch vergleichbar neu. Ein Aspekt der dabei besondere Aufmerksamkeit erfahren hat ist die Analyse der Farblichkeit in Filmen. Die meisten Projekte greifen dabei auf den im Kontext der Farbquantifizierung gängigen K-Means Clustering Algorithmus zurück. Der Vortrag zeigt, warum dieser Ansatz für die Filminterpretation nur bedingt brauchbar ist und warum bisherige Ansätze eines Konzepts ermangeln, welches die Probleme in Zusammenhang mit K-Means zu reflektieren und zu kompensieren vermag. Er schlägt eine alternative Herangehensweise auf der Grundlage der Farbkontrasttheorie von Johannes Itten vor und zeigt, wie innerhalb dieses Konzepts computerunterstützt mit Filmen gearbeitet werden kann. Die aufgezeigten Probleme und Vorschläge werden dabei an Hand von aktuellem Filmmaterial aus dem Genre des Zombiefilms illustriert.
Unter dem Begriff Telota (»the electronic life of the academy«) werden sämtliche Aktivitäten zur Durchsetzung der elektronischen Arbeits- und Publikationsstrategie an der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zusammengefasst. In dem Aufsatz werden die Entstehung der Telota-Initiative skizziert, die geleisteten Arbeiten zur Durchsetzung von Open Access beschrieben und die zukünftigen Aufgaben umrissen.
In drei Fallstudien werden Aspekte der Entwicklung der ägyptischen Keramik im Zeitraum vom Alten zum Mittleren Reich (ca. 2700-1900 v.Chr.) analysiert. Die dabei erhobenen archäologischen Befunde werden jeweils in den Kontext der soziokulturellen Gesamtsituation gestellt und vor diesem Hintergrund als Ergebnis der Anpassung an die sozialen Rahmenbedingungen sowie der Optimierung unter den jeweils spezifischen Verhältnissen interpretiert. Dabei werden die staatswirtschaftlich geprägte Organisationsform des hohen Alten Reiches und die dezentrale Breitenkultur, die im ausgehenden Alten Reich entsteht, in ihren Auswirkungen auf die keramische Produktion kontrastiert.