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Maschinelles Lernen und Künstliche Intelligenz in der Medizin - eine Einführung und ein Plädoyer
(2023)
Henrich Steffens als Naturphilosoph und Friedrich Schleiermacher als Geistes- und Kulturphilosoph und Theologe arbeiteten als Kollegen in Halle noch Hand in Hand. Jahrzehnte später gehörte Steffens zu den dissidenten Lutheranern in Breslau, die sich der staatlich verordneten Unionsagende verweigerten, während Schleiermacher Konzepte schrieb, um die Dissidenten für die Staatskirche zurückzugewinnen.
Ein satirisches Gedicht über den dänischen herrnhutischen Missionar Brodersen setzt neben dessen Originalität auch dem Missionswesen der Herrnhuter um 1800 ein interessantes Denken. Er mahnt zugleich im reformatorischen Sinne, sich nicht auf eigene Verdienste und Vorzüge zu verlassen, sondern nur auf die göttliche Gnade.
Als Deutschland 1817 das 300jährige Reformationsjubiläum feierte, beteiligten sich auch die zwei Berliner Theologieprofessoren Philipp Marheineke und Friedrich Schleiermacher daran, Schleiermacher mit Predigten und einer lateinischen akademischen Festrede, Marheineke ebenfalls mit einer Predigt und mit einer zweibändigen Reformations-geschichte Deutschlands. Die Beiträge zeigen, wie sich beide in ihrer Deutung der Reformation, ihrer historischen Einordnung des Protestantismus und ihrer Bestimmung des Verhältnisses zwischen Christentum einerseits, Staat, Nation und Gesellschaft andererseits unterschieden.
Für Schleiermacher ist Religion keine pädagogisch nützliche Mischung von Metaphysik und Moral, sondern eine eigene Dimension des Menschseins, Anschauung des Universums, Sinn und Geschmack fürs Unendliche; die von der Aufklärung favorisierte „natürliche Religion“ der allgemeinen, übergeschichtlichen Vernunftwahrheiten sei bloß eine Totgeburt, jede wirkliche, lebendige Religion dagegen eine unableitbare geschichtliche Individualität. Im Christentum sei Jesus Christus die Zentralgestalt, der Vermittler und Versöhner des Zwiespalts zwischen Endlichem und Unendlichem, an dem sich alle Religion abarbeite. Im Laufe seiner Entwicklung strebe das Christentum immer mehr zu Sozialgestalten ohne Hierarchie zwischen Priestern und Laien; in der Vollendung (den aber selbst der Protestantismus noch nicht erreicht habe) würden alle „von Gott gelehrt“ sein (Johannes 6,45).
Introduction – Reflections on Concepts of Health in Their Context. Contrary to what is often believed, health is not simply an objective condition that is easily determined and measured by strict medical criteria in clinical or scientific settings. It is a multifaceted phenomenon whose perception and understanding is influenced profoundly by people’s personal experience, cultural background and social environment. Correspondingly, there is great variety in concepts and definitions of health, both today and in a historical perspective. This collection of studies examines a number of such contextual factors that influence concepts, values and practices related to health, both present and past. It also makes a number of recommendations relevant to medical professionals, politicians, patients and other healthcare stakeholders as to how healthcare systems can be improved and enriched. It advocates a holistic approach to the understanding of health and disease, which involves embracing historical and philosophical concepts in medical reasoning, learning from health practices originated in other parts of the world and establishing interdisciplinary ways of thinking in biomedical research and clinical care.
Vernunft als Therapie und Krankheit: Medizinische Denkfiguren in der Geschichte der Philosophie
(2021)
Reason as Therapy and Illness: Medical Figures of Thought in the History of Philosophy. This paper tackles the question how philosophers have used medical metaphors, analogies or aspects of medical theories in their works. It discusses the idea of ancient Greek philosophy as a medicine of the soul, as well as the Christian surgery of the text-body and finally, how madness became a central problem for the philosophical conception of reason.
Health, Lifestyle and Responsibility: Historical Roots and Current Perspectives. The question to what extent health and disease are matters of individual and collective human responsibility was first raised and systematically discussed in ancient Greek medicine and philosophy in the 5th and 4th century BCE. This chapter discusses the consequences of these discussions for the definition of the aims and methods of the medical art, in particular the preservation and enhancement of health and the prevention of disease through lifestyle-related prophylactic and therapeutic measures. It also considers some of the implications of these ancient discussions for today’s theory and practice of preventative and lifestyle-related medicine.
Body Resonance: On the Neophenomenological Concept of Health. In contemporary philosophy, one can observe a trend of reorientation towards the (living) body (Leib), thereby declaring it a relevant topic of philosophical thinking. In this article, the so-called New Phenomenology will be discussed as an approach that aims to overcome the ignorance of health in Western philosophy. Following the ideas of Hermann Schmitz, the founder of New Phenomenology, the author introduces the concept of body resonance (Leibesgestimmtheit). In addition, some therapeutic tendencies within the neophenomenological scene are presented.
The Normative Practice of Health and Disease. „Health“ and „disease“ are frequently used terms with a high relevance for our everyday lives. Their spectrum of meaning is very extensive, but also ambivalent, because they are not adequately captured by a purely medical-scientific approach. The forms of knowledge associated with „disease“ and „health“ are rather diverse and allow different ways of looking at them side by side in a justified manner. Against this background, the relationship between scientific and life world approaches to these phenomena is of central importance, because this results in very different claims to an interpretative sovereignty of „health“ and „disease“. For these states not merely have an associated dimension, but an essentially practical-normative one, so that they cannot simply be reduced to a biological function or dysfunction. This becomes especially clear when the assignment of dysfunctional conditions to the concept of disease results in immediate options for action that are not simply limited to a chapter expansion of medical textbooks, but may lead to fundamental personal and social changes. For this side of „disease“ and „health“ reflects not only medical developments, but also normative attitudes in science and society. These in turn are also decisive for the communicative structure in the doctorpatient relationship.
The Art of Medicine and Philosophy: On the Genesis of a Basic Relationship in European Thought. Referring to the examples of Hippocrates and Socrates, in this essay, we establish the thesis that philosophy and medicine in Greek philosophy are to be regarded as strongly interdependent. In their view, interpretations of health and disease are intertwined with various contexts or settings such as living conditions, environment and climate, which has implications for the therapy of patients as an art of healing. The relevance and philosophical perspectives of this epoch for modern medicine and public health on a globalized planet are highlighted.
Concepts of Man – Concepts of Health: A Glimpse of Their Relationship in Antiquity With Relevance to Our Day and Age. Referring to ancient miraculous healing narratives, this article argues that concepts of health are inextricably intertwined with concepts of man. However, the relatively autonomous idea of medical treatments based on scientific reasoning is not an invention of modern secularization. It already existed in antiquity – even among people of faith. Gods and other religious authorities were regarded as mediating factors; they were not held responsible for diseases or cures. Examples from Christian and pagan traditions show that the interplay between ideas of man and concepts of health were extremely complex and diverse. Obviously, this was true already in antiquity – but it is even more evident in the present. Dualistic confrontations (e. g., pre-modern versus modern times, pre-scientific healing vs. academic medicine) are of little help to achieve universal health care and global health.