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Global change is posing a major challenge to existing forms of natural resource use, socio-economic development and institutional regulation. Although trends such as climate change, socio-economic transformation and institutional change are global in their scope, they have very specific regional outcomes. Regionally distinct coping strategies are required which take into account both the diversity of regional impacts of global change and the local contexts of appropriate responses. This paper explores the impacts of global change on the management of water infrastructure systems in the Berlin-Brandenburg region in terms of three concurrent and overlapping challenges: climate change, socio-economic change and institutional change. It subsequently examines how regional actors in the water sector are addressing these three dimensions of global change.
Die diversen Auswirkungen des globalen Wandels erfordern in den betroffenen Regionen spezifische, den jeweiligen Bedingungen angepasste Handlungsstrategien und Maßnahmen. Hierfür erste Vorschläge zu entwickeln war ein Ziel der interdisziplinären Arbeitsgruppe Globaler Wandel – Regionale Entwicklung. Im Folgenden sollen daher zunächst übergeordnete Herausforderungen des globalen Wandels skizziert werden, die alle untersuchten Themenfelder betreffen. Daran schließt die Darstellung von Brückenprinzipien an, die eine Handlungsorientierung für den Umgang mit den Folgen des globalen Wandels bieten können. Am Ende steht ein Ausblick auf weitergehende Forschungsarbeiten.
This special issue of DIE ERDE presents selected key topics discussed within the BBAW working group, including work by group members and invited external researchers, containing nine articles highlighting “Regional Water Challenges” resulting from different kinds of environmental and social changes. We aim to present the complexity of interaction between changes and responses. While the first four articles focus on describing climatic and hydrological changes and their causes, the following five articles focus more on possible mitigation and adaptation measures.
The article informs about historical developments and recent problems in the former wetlands of the Oderbruch, which has been cultivated for agricultural use for 300 years, and in the fen region of the Rhin-Havel-Luch. The periodically inundated floodplains of Oderbruch are characterised by rich-in-clay sedimentation soils, while Rhin-Havel-Luch is a year-round wet fen region with peat soils. In both areas land use necessarily requires an adequate regional water management, employing measures and system solutions for river training, dike construction, drainage and soil cultivation. Options for action and adaptation strategies for the next 20 to 40 years, based on many years of own analyses and case studies, are presented and discussed. The article also considers an aggravation of the problems to be expected from climate change.
Since humans are preferentially settling in flood plains they often influence freshwater systems intensely. The first signs of anthropogenic impacts on surface waters in the Berlin-Brandenburg region are approximately 3000 years old. Considering the multiple and intense human uses of surface waters in this region, we analysed when, how and to which extent regional rivers and streams became impacted by dams, water mills and fish weirs resulting in changes in morphology, hydrology and ecological functioning. We hypothesise that the development and growth of cities in this region necessitated (1) efficient navigability of rivers linking them, (2) efficient use of hydropower resources for mills, and (3) significant pollution of surface waters especially with the beginning of industrial development. We analyse these hypotheses by means of three regional examples and delineate the effects of human uses on selected surface water bodies. Understanding the effects of these historic modifications of surface water supports the identification of options for a sustainable use of surface waters that are currently still subjected to multiple uses but face a significant decrease in discharge due to climate change.
For decades, water resources have been used intensively for drinking water, industry, agriculture and energy production. This paper summarises the main anthropogenic influences on the water cycle in a Pleistocene landscape and associated geochemical reactions. The results allow the identification and description of the main hydraulic and geochemical processes that control water and solute fluxes in different hydrological compartments, in particular recharge and discharge regions. Under progressive climate change, this process-based knowledge should be used to adapt land and water management to minimise negative impacts on hydrological resources and stabilise the regional water balance in theBerlin-Brandenburg Pleistocene landscape. Based on these results, a risk assessment approach for validation of future management strategies under changing climate conditions is presented.
The climate change debate has increased the need for knowledge on both long- and short-term regional environmental changes. In general, these changes may often be a product of multiple causes, which complicates the separation of single driving forces. In this review we focus on current water budget changes in Germany’s capital region, Berlin-Brandenburg, over the last 30 years. Available studies from a variety of disciplines (e.g. hydrology, water engineering, landscape ecology, nature conservation) were analysed in order to (1) identify both local and regional hydrological changes, (2) reveal their potential causes, and (3) discuss responses of ecosystems and society. These studies show that the Berlin-Brandenburg region is widely characterised by decreasing groundwater recharge, leading to decreasing groundwater and lake levels as well as decreasing fluvial discharge. These trends result both from complex, regional human impacts (e.g. long-term effects of hydro-melioration and changes in forest composition) and more general climate warming. The observed and assumed (future) changes of the regional water balance have been creating, and will continue to create, multifaceted impacts on existing ecosystems and society (e.g. wetland drying, decrease of biodiversity, decrease of productivity of grasslands and forests, increasing conflicts of interests). Several efforts to respond to the regional water deficit problem have already been undertaken, comprising for instance land-use optimisation, wetland restoration measures and the reestablishment of mixed deciduous forests. In general, however, the reviewed regional material on this topic reveals that the number and complexity of empirical studies are still poor. Thus, for both the identification and the explanation of current water balance changes and their effects, as well as for development and implementation of adaptive strategies, further multidisciplinary research efforts at different scales, including interregional comparisons, are required. Furthermore, both the observation of hydrological changes and the evaluation of adaptive and mitigative responses require at least continuous or, even better, extended monitoring efforts.
Climate change is expected to increase water scarcity in northeast Germany. Land-use change is one of the options of mitigation that is intensely discussed in this region. This review aims at giving a compilation of existing data and modelling studies in order to investigate the potential and the limits of the land-use change approach.
Global climate change and aspects of regional climate change in the Berlin-Brandenburg region
(2011)
To obtain an estimate of the average temperature of the northern hemisphere during the last 1200 years, proxy data have been merged with instrumental recordings. These instrumental measurements are, with a few exceptions, only available for the recent 150 years. In the city of Berlin the temperature has been recorded since as early as 1701. However, during the first 150 years the measurements were problematic as location, measurement procedure and instruments changed frequently and without proper documentation. From 1847 onwards observations became more reliable once the Royal Prussian Meteorological Institute had been established. For the last 100 years temperature and precipitation measurements have been performed in parallel at Berlin-Dahlem and Potsdam. The datasets recorded in the city of Berlin and in Berlin-Dahlem have been merged to obtain a record of more than 300 years. It indicates that the temperature of Berlin has risen by 1.04°C during the last 100 years after correcting for the urbanisation effect. In the same period, the total number of frost days has significantly decreased by almost 17 days, and the number of summer days has significantly increased by about 12 days. Annual mean precipitation has hardly changed (decrease less than 0.2 %) during the last century. However, rainfall has decreased by about 4 % in summer and increased by 3 % in winter. All precipitation changes are below the 95 % ignificance level. Model projections indicate that warming will continue which means that Berlin-Brandenburg will experience a temperature rise of about 3-3.5°C by the end of this century for the IPCC scenario A1B. For the same scenario precipitation is expected to increase by 10-20 % in winter and to decrease by 10-30 % in summer: The seasonal precipitation changes compensate each other resulting in an almost unchanged annual mean.
The present study explores whether regional water resources can be used more efficiently by Brandenburg’s farming systems. A description of agriculture in Brandenburg today is followed by a systematic analysis of measures to raise the water efficiency. Brandenburg’s agricultural systems are divided into three sections: soil, plant production and livestock farming. Within these sections measures to increase water efficiency are listed and analysed with reference to five objective criteria for raising water use efficiency. In view of the complexity of farming systems in Brandenburg, general measures to raise water use efficiency could not be derived. Site-specific tillage practices and crop patterns adjusted to recent weather conditions may reflect the specific diversity of Brandenburg more efficiently.
In Lower Lusatia, eastern Germany, the changing impacts of lignite coal mining and potential climate change have put the naturally low water yield conditions under pressure. Water resources balances describe the hydrological situation in the region and the need for action due to changing boundary conditions. Extended transfer of flood water from neighbouring catchments is considered inevitable for sustainable regional development and the establishment of a quantitatively and qualitatively selfregulated water system. Using the river basin management system WBalMo®, potential water transfer scenarios to compensate for water deficits resulting from regional and global change are analysed.
In diesem Buch werden die von globalen Veränderungen ausgehenden regionalen Auswirkungen betrachtet. Dabei wurde der Fokus auf die Ressource Wasser und die Region Berlin-Brandenburg gelegt. Von den regionalen Herausforderungen des globalen Wandels werden Fragen nach möglichen Anpassungsstrategien und Handlungsorientierungen abgeleitet. Anpassungen werden damit nicht als bloße Reaktion auf einen „unvermeidlichen Wandel“ verstanden. Vor dem Hintergrund unsicherer zukünftiger Entwicklungen hinsichtlich der Art und Intensität der Auswirkungen globaler Veränderungen können Anpassungsstrategien immer nur eine Vorbereitung, Flexibilisierung und Öffnung bestehender Systeme für künftige Herausforderungen bedeuten. In diesem Sinne wird hier „angepasst sein“ verstanden als „befähigt sein, rechtzeitig auf Veränderungen zu reagieren“. Der globale Wandel verläuft räumlich differenziert. Heterogen sind auch die spezifischen Ausgangsbedingungen innerhalb von Regionen, weshalb sich die Auswirkungen des globalen Wandels unterschiedlich ausprägen. Im Folgenden werden die administrative Gliederung der Fokusregion, die aktuelle naturräumliche Ausstattung und Landnutzungen sowie die gegenwärtige raumstrukturelle Situation beschrieben.
Die Kapitel in diesem Abschnitt haben das Ziel, Umweltveränderungen der Fokusregion beispielhaft darzustellen und daraus Ansatzpunkte für Forschung und Handeln abzuleiten. Zu diesem Zweck fanden sich Fachleute zusammen, die in den Bereichen „Atmosphäre“, „Biosphäre“ und „Hydrosphäre“ vom globalen bis zum lokalen Maßstab forschen. Sie nutzen Messungen und Modelle und betrachten Umweltveränderungen mit Blick auf das Klimasystem der Erde, auf Ökosysteme und Organismen sowie menschliche Eingriffe, insbesondere bei der Wasserwirtschaft.
Vor dem Hintergrund des globalen Wandels und damit einhergehender Landnutzungsänderungen ist es das Ziel dieses Kapitels, geeignete Anpassungsstrategien zur verbesserten Nutzung und Optimierung agrarischer Ökosysteme zu entwickeln. Solche Strategien werden umso wichtiger, je mehr der Einfl uss des globalen Wandels – besonders als Klimawandel und Landnutzungswandel – sichtbar wird. Dieses Kapitel versucht, die Folgen dieser Entwicklungen für die Landnutzung in der Fokusregion zu analysieren und Strategien vorzustellen, die mögliche negative Auswirkungen auf die Landbewirtschaftung mildern und die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit des Sektors sichern können.
Insbesondere in vielen ländlichen Regionen wurden zahlreiche Infrastrukturen in ihrer gegenwärtigen Verfasstheit prekär. Zumeist wird die verminderte Passfähigkeit als Größen- und Niveauproblem beschrieben, das heißt als quantitative Überdimensionierung. Dies erklärt, weshalb das „Schrumpfen“ der Infrastrukturen und Absenken auf Mindeststandards als Anpassungslösungen bevorzugt werden (Barlösius & Neu 2007). Die gegenwärtigen infrastrukturellen Um-, Rück- und Aufbauten schreiben zumeist die historisch gewachsenen, auf die industrielle Produktion, den „sorgenden Wohlfahrtsstaat“ (de Swan 2003) und die Grenzen des Nationalstaats abgestimmten Spurungen, Trassierungen, räumlichen Fixierungen und Lokalisierungen fort – nur kleiner und knapper dimensioniert, in der Fläche ausgedünnt und auf einem quantitativ reduzierten Niveau. Ein wichtiger Grund dafür ist, dass den meisten Infrastrukturen eine aufwändige Materialisierung, Institutionalisierung und Habitualisierung zu eigen ist und ihnen folglich ein enormes Beharrungsvermögen innewohnt. Die Debatten wie auch die real stattfi ndenden Umbauten zielen oftmals mehr darauf, die historisch gewachsenen Infrastrukturen in ihrer bisherigen baulichen Realisierung und institutionellen Verfasstheit aufrechtzuerhalten, wenn auch geschrumpft, privatisiert und mit neuen Praktiken ausgestattet, als sich daran zu orientieren, welche Funktionen sie erfüllen sollten, ob neue entstehen müssten oder bisherige überholt sind. Auf zurückgehende Schülerzahlen wird zumeist mit einer Zusammenlegung von Schulen und der Heraufsetzung der Schülerzahlen pro Klasse reagiert, oder Schulstandorte werden ganz aufgegeben. Im Ergebnis fahren nun die Schüler zu den zentralisierten Schulstandorten. Dezentrale oder kleinere Lösungen verbreiten sich nur langsam und werden von oberen Schulbehörden oft misstrauisch beobachtet. Innovative Lösungen wie Flexibilisierung und Bürgerpartizipation werden zwar eingefordert, doch nur selten erfolgreich umgesetzt. Woran liegt das?