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This survey of German sociological literature on the foreign considers the construction of foreigness from the standpoint of systems theory. The author focuses on two primary distinctions: familiarity/unfamiliarity and inclusion/exclusion. In the first case, the general standard for a System theory of the foreign is the unfamiliar;on a second level, the specific modem construction of the foreign unfolds the paradox of the familiarity with the unfamiliar.
"Deshalb müssen wir uns noch fremd bleiben ..." : Fremdheitserfahrungen ostdeutscher Wissenschaftler
(1998)
Using quantitative evaluation and qualitative interviews with participants of the Scholar-Integration Program, this study identifies and examines the experience of otherness for East German scholars in the unified German academic System. As a sociology of estrangement in the case of 'internal otherness', this cultural and social foreigness grows out of one's fnistrated expectations of equal belonging. Those East German academics, who themselves are taken for foreign, describe a refusal to accept their failure to be accepted.
In this text the author argues that the emergence of social foreignness is a result of established-outsiders-figuration whereby the foreign is rendered in the Course of violent conflicts. Accordingly, modern forms of communication and mobilization enable the existence of ethnopolitical collective subjects. The starting point of the constmction of the foreign and - at the Same time - the most important sign of difference between the established and the outsiders is a conflicting interpretation of historically granted land rights.
This study emphasizes the significance of language politics for a process of nation building and national self-identity as exemplified by France and Frenchspeaking Africa. Based on linguistic differences (between foreign languages and foreign language, one's own language and ones native language etc.) the foreign is identified in the field of language politics and is required in order to identify the domestic language as such. The privileging of national languages subsequently goes along with the marginalization and exclusion of other languages. That which can be considered foreign includes, on the one hand, a language used by an elite (Latin) or colonial power (the French in Afrika) and, on the other hand, foreign can be that which is excluded from the dominant language practices.
This essay examines Italian Humanists' national discourses from Dante to Machiavelli and Guicciardini to demonstrate that the construction of a secondary foreignness emerges through the exclusion, rejection and devaluation of others. The familiarity with others and cornrnon membership in universal Middleage institutions(Church and Kingdom) are the preconditions for any foreigness construction. Thus the foreign is identified through a process of transition from intemal differenciation to exclusion. The authors use discourse analysis to focus on the transferal of cornrnunal and imperial cognitive pattems to a national context which leads to semantic modifications indicating the becoming foreign of the others. Accordingly the demarcation of space would be justified with recourse to an invented past, imagined to be one's own and not the past of the foreigners.