710 Städtebau, Raumplanung, Landschaftsgestaltung
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In diesem Beitrag werden die archäologischen Parkanlagen Roms mit Blick auf den Klimawandel diskutiert, der neben erhöhten Temperaturen auch mittelbar Einfluss auf die Wasserreserven und die Ausbreitung von Pflanzenkrankheiten und -schädlingen hat.
Eine Zukunft dieser Parks ist ohne Kenntnis ihrer Geschichte nicht denkbar. Seit dem Versuch von Napoleon I., einen großen, zentralen archäologischen Garten zu schaffen, bis hin zu Giacomo Boni, dem die Bepflanzung der bedeutendsten archäologischen Denkmäler Roms zu verdanken ist, ist die Suche nach dürreresistenten Pflanzen in Rom ein wiederkehrendes Thema, das wir auch heute angesichts der stetig steigenden globalen Erwärmung im Blick haben müssen.
Die Beispiele aus der Vergangenheit können in Kombination mit den Möglichkeiten moderner Technologien nützliche Ideen für neue Vorgehensweisen liefern, die zu einer Verringerung des Wasserverbrauchs führen, wobei die für die Gärten und archäologischen Parks geltenden Regeln der Denkmalpflege immer beachtet werden müssen.
This paper presents the Bogoroditsk (Tula Region in Russia) Park’s history of origin in the 18th century, its subsequent functioning and degrading. Special attention is paid to the contribution of A. T. Bolotov serving as the supervisor of Bogoroditsk Volost in the 1770s–1790s. In conclusion, the contemporary state of Bogoroditsk Park and its water-supply facilities that is worrying the experts is described.
The creation of a representation official park of nationwide scale and importance is hedged about with a lot of difficulties. It is supposed to be a paragon of beauty and utility while also being an epoch’s monument remaining in place for long decades or centuries. The paper analyses the balance between the beauty and sustainability in the conception and the actual life of eight parks in the realm of Russian culture (Russian Empire, Soviet Union, Russian Federation). That said, one of them (House of Bezborodko) represents an unconsummated project, but one that is typical of its epoch.
Globaler Wandel und regionale Entwicklung : Anpassungsstrategien in der Region Berlin-Brandenburg
(2011)
Welche Auswirkungen hat der globale Wandel für die regionale Entwicklung? Welche Konsequenzen ergeben sich daraus in gesellschaftlicher, ökonomischer und politischer Hinsicht? Diesen drängenden Fragen geht der vorliegende Band mit Blick auf die Region Berlin-Brandenburg nach. Im Fokus stehen dabei die Verfügbarkeit, die nachhaltige Nutzung und der Schutz der Ressource Wasser. Die Experten der Arbeitsgruppe Globaler Wandel – Regionale Entwicklung der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften untersuchen die verschiedenen Dimensionen des globalen Wandels: Die Beiträge befassen sich mit den regionalen Auswirkungen des Klimawandels, mit dem Wandel von Landnutzungen und Aspekten innovativer Agrarwirtschaft sowie mit Auswirkungen des sozial- und raumstrukturellen Wandels auf Infrastrukturen. An die Analyse schließt die Erörterung von Handlungsoptionen und möglichen regionalen Anpassungsstrategien an. Angesprochen sind Akteure und Entscheider in Politik, Verwaltung und Wirtschaft sowie die interessierte Öffentlichkeit. Dabei steht die Region Berlin-Brandenburg im Mittelpunkt der Ausführungen; die Analysen und Empfehlungen sind jedoch auf eine generelle Übertragbarkeit auf vergleichbare Regionen hin angelegt.
Over millennia human well-being has benefited from ecosystems, not only through tangible goods, but also through intangible assets known as cultural ecosystem services. Despite growing research over the last decade, cultural services assessment still remains arbitrary and is largely limited to marketable services such as tourism. Evident difficulties in standardizing definitions and measurements have challenged cultural services accounting in decision making processes. However, the imminent formation of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services offers an opportunity to counterbalance this misrepresentation by establishing a scientific basis for consistently assessing cultural services. In that regard, the current review intends to facilitate discussion investigating the current state of cultural services accounting by offering an appraisal of existing evidence regarding cultural services indicator quality. The current review builds on scientifically recognized frameworks to develop a holistic understanding of how cultural services indicators are conceived within ecosystem services research. Among the measures found, benefit indicators were most frequently used for assessing inspirational, educational and recreational services. A broad variety of methods for accounting cultural services was found, mainly due to the varied aims of the studies. Most of the cultural services indicators were deficient concerning their clarity of definitions, purposes and understanding of the processes to be measured and referring only marginally to tradeoffs and bundles with other services. Only 17% performed multitemporal assessments and 23% used spatially explicit information. It seems that cultural services indicators quality could be greatly enhanced by investing more effort towards involving relevant stakeholders in conceptualization and communication phases, using participatory mapping tools to enhance visibility.
This study explores the potential of historical maps to detect, measure and monitor changes of trees outside forests. The main goal is to assess local-level changes of scattered trees and orchards and their land-use determinants in two areas in Southern Germany between 1901/1905 and 2009. Firstly, overall landscape changes are recorded. Secondly, the spatial-temporal trajectories of scattered trees and their land-use determinants are identified. Thirdly, changes in quantity and fragmentation patterns of traditional orchards are analyzed in their relationship to overall land-cover change. The results confirm major losses in scattered trees, mainly due to urbanization, agricultural intensification, and land abandonment. They further reveal that, while orchards have persisted in total area, they have undergone critical changes towards a simplified landscape structure and loss of the traditional land-use mosaic, which is a characterizing feature of high nature value landscapes. Multi-temporal assessment showed that most trends have been continuous and did not change directions over time, but rather accelerated during periods of rapid change (most dramatically in the 1950-1990 period). The case of orchards and scattered trees illustrates a major problem of cultural landscapes in Europe: Semi-natural landscape features of high nature value are threatened by both intensification and abandonment of land uses. This makes their conservation a potentially costly enterprise, as both opportunity costs for lost alternative land uses and for conservation management costs arise.
Agroecosystems are vital for supplying ecosystem services to human society, but most modern farming practices impact detrimentally on the environment. Public agricultural support policies have been critically important in influencing the transformation of the farm sectors; however, few of them have been dedicated to enhancing ecosystem services beyond agricultural commodities. The largest agricultural support system worldwide, the European Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), has now come to a critical point, as major decisions concerning its design and implementation after 2013 are about to be taken. The debate on this reform process presents a unique opportunity to trigger a transition from commodity-based subsidy policies to policies centered on efficient provision of ecosystem services from agricultural land. To prompt such discussion, we formulate key recommendations informed by a review of ecosystem services literature and address verifiable links to human well-being, non-market valuation for balanced services provision, treatment of ecosystem services bundles, site-specific and regionalized approaches, matching spatial scales for different ecosystem services, funding permanence for payment schemes, strong monitoring and adaptive approaches to tackling uncertainties, and coherent cross-sectoral policy design. If these issues were to be considered in formulating and implementing future CAP, it might become an exemplar for redirecting agricultural policies elsewhere in the world towards sustainability.