710 Städtebau, Raumplanung, Landschaftsgestaltung
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Dealing with the Consequences of Climate Change in Historic Parks and Gardens in the United Kingdom
(2019)
Given that long term climate change is recognised as having an ›impact upon all aspects of daily life, not least the survival of heritage assets‹ there is a need to consider all aspects of heritage in the United Kingdom (UK). In order to provide an international context for the German situation this paper looks specifically at adaptation measures that have developed within the main British conservation and horticultural organisations, Historic England, the National Trust and the Royal Horticultural Society. It does this by providing some cultural context for the present policies. It then looks at how the climate is expected to change by the end of this century. It identifies the main challenges, and then reviews the responses by way of adaptation and mitigation.
Historic parks and gardens survive in many places with some sites still in use but others abandoned long ago and now given over to other purposes. Accurate repair and reliable reconstruction depend upon archaeological information which is particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. The impairment and loss of such detail threaten historical integrity. This means that we must monitor changes and develop suitable mitigation.
In diesem Beitrag werden die archäologischen Parkanlagen Roms mit Blick auf den Klimawandel diskutiert, der neben erhöhten Temperaturen auch mittelbar Einfluss auf die Wasserreserven und die Ausbreitung von Pflanzenkrankheiten und -schädlingen hat.
Eine Zukunft dieser Parks ist ohne Kenntnis ihrer Geschichte nicht denkbar. Seit dem Versuch von Napoleon I., einen großen, zentralen archäologischen Garten zu schaffen, bis hin zu Giacomo Boni, dem die Bepflanzung der bedeutendsten archäologischen Denkmäler Roms zu verdanken ist, ist die Suche nach dürreresistenten Pflanzen in Rom ein wiederkehrendes Thema, das wir auch heute angesichts der stetig steigenden globalen Erwärmung im Blick haben müssen.
Die Beispiele aus der Vergangenheit können in Kombination mit den Möglichkeiten moderner Technologien nützliche Ideen für neue Vorgehensweisen liefern, die zu einer Verringerung des Wasserverbrauchs führen, wobei die für die Gärten und archäologischen Parks geltenden Regeln der Denkmalpflege immer beachtet werden müssen.
This paper presents the Bogoroditsk (Tula Region in Russia) Park’s history of origin in the 18th century, its subsequent functioning and degrading. Special attention is paid to the contribution of A. T. Bolotov serving as the supervisor of Bogoroditsk Volost in the 1770s–1790s. In conclusion, the contemporary state of Bogoroditsk Park and its water-supply facilities that is worrying the experts is described.
The creation of a representation official park of nationwide scale and importance is hedged about with a lot of difficulties. It is supposed to be a paragon of beauty and utility while also being an epoch’s monument remaining in place for long decades or centuries. The paper analyses the balance between the beauty and sustainability in the conception and the actual life of eight parks in the realm of Russian culture (Russian Empire, Soviet Union, Russian Federation). That said, one of them (House of Bezborodko) represents an unconsummated project, but one that is typical of its epoch.
Globaler Wandel und regionale Entwicklung : Anpassungsstrategien in der Region Berlin-Brandenburg
(2011)
Welche Auswirkungen hat der globale Wandel für die regionale Entwicklung? Welche Konsequenzen ergeben sich daraus in gesellschaftlicher, ökonomischer und politischer Hinsicht? Diesen drängenden Fragen geht der vorliegende Band mit Blick auf die Region Berlin-Brandenburg nach. Im Fokus stehen dabei die Verfügbarkeit, die nachhaltige Nutzung und der Schutz der Ressource Wasser. Die Experten der Arbeitsgruppe Globaler Wandel – Regionale Entwicklung der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften untersuchen die verschiedenen Dimensionen des globalen Wandels: Die Beiträge befassen sich mit den regionalen Auswirkungen des Klimawandels, mit dem Wandel von Landnutzungen und Aspekten innovativer Agrarwirtschaft sowie mit Auswirkungen des sozial- und raumstrukturellen Wandels auf Infrastrukturen. An die Analyse schließt die Erörterung von Handlungsoptionen und möglichen regionalen Anpassungsstrategien an. Angesprochen sind Akteure und Entscheider in Politik, Verwaltung und Wirtschaft sowie die interessierte Öffentlichkeit. Dabei steht die Region Berlin-Brandenburg im Mittelpunkt der Ausführungen; die Analysen und Empfehlungen sind jedoch auf eine generelle Übertragbarkeit auf vergleichbare Regionen hin angelegt.
Over millennia human well-being has benefited from ecosystems, not only through tangible goods, but also through intangible assets known as cultural ecosystem services. Despite growing research over the last decade, cultural services assessment still remains arbitrary and is largely limited to marketable services such as tourism. Evident difficulties in standardizing definitions and measurements have challenged cultural services accounting in decision making processes. However, the imminent formation of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services offers an opportunity to counterbalance this misrepresentation by establishing a scientific basis for consistently assessing cultural services. In that regard, the current review intends to facilitate discussion investigating the current state of cultural services accounting by offering an appraisal of existing evidence regarding cultural services indicator quality. The current review builds on scientifically recognized frameworks to develop a holistic understanding of how cultural services indicators are conceived within ecosystem services research. Among the measures found, benefit indicators were most frequently used for assessing inspirational, educational and recreational services. A broad variety of methods for accounting cultural services was found, mainly due to the varied aims of the studies. Most of the cultural services indicators were deficient concerning their clarity of definitions, purposes and understanding of the processes to be measured and referring only marginally to tradeoffs and bundles with other services. Only 17% performed multitemporal assessments and 23% used spatially explicit information. It seems that cultural services indicators quality could be greatly enhanced by investing more effort towards involving relevant stakeholders in conceptualization and communication phases, using participatory mapping tools to enhance visibility.
This study explores the potential of historical maps to detect, measure and monitor changes of trees outside forests. The main goal is to assess local-level changes of scattered trees and orchards and their land-use determinants in two areas in Southern Germany between 1901/1905 and 2009. Firstly, overall landscape changes are recorded. Secondly, the spatial-temporal trajectories of scattered trees and their land-use determinants are identified. Thirdly, changes in quantity and fragmentation patterns of traditional orchards are analyzed in their relationship to overall land-cover change. The results confirm major losses in scattered trees, mainly due to urbanization, agricultural intensification, and land abandonment. They further reveal that, while orchards have persisted in total area, they have undergone critical changes towards a simplified landscape structure and loss of the traditional land-use mosaic, which is a characterizing feature of high nature value landscapes. Multi-temporal assessment showed that most trends have been continuous and did not change directions over time, but rather accelerated during periods of rapid change (most dramatically in the 1950-1990 period). The case of orchards and scattered trees illustrates a major problem of cultural landscapes in Europe: Semi-natural landscape features of high nature value are threatened by both intensification and abandonment of land uses. This makes their conservation a potentially costly enterprise, as both opportunity costs for lost alternative land uses and for conservation management costs arise.
Agroecosystems are vital for supplying ecosystem services to human society, but most modern farming practices impact detrimentally on the environment. Public agricultural support policies have been critically important in influencing the transformation of the farm sectors; however, few of them have been dedicated to enhancing ecosystem services beyond agricultural commodities. The largest agricultural support system worldwide, the European Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), has now come to a critical point, as major decisions concerning its design and implementation after 2013 are about to be taken. The debate on this reform process presents a unique opportunity to trigger a transition from commodity-based subsidy policies to policies centered on efficient provision of ecosystem services from agricultural land. To prompt such discussion, we formulate key recommendations informed by a review of ecosystem services literature and address verifiable links to human well-being, non-market valuation for balanced services provision, treatment of ecosystem services bundles, site-specific and regionalized approaches, matching spatial scales for different ecosystem services, funding permanence for payment schemes, strong monitoring and adaptive approaches to tackling uncertainties, and coherent cross-sectoral policy design. If these issues were to be considered in formulating and implementing future CAP, it might become an exemplar for redirecting agricultural policies elsewhere in the world towards sustainability.
Most industrial countries have experienced a transformation of land use: from decreasing to expanding forest areas, the so-called forest transition. Outside closed forests, European rural landscapes exhibit a diversity of tree-based agricultural systems, but the question of whether this forest transition has also affected ‘trees outside forests’ has rarely been studied. The aim of this study is to analyze the spatial-temporal dynamics of farm trees and woodlands in an agricultural landscape in Eastern Germany from 1964 to 2008, based on aerial photographs and digital orthophotos. Taking a landscape ecological perspective, we quantify farm tree dynamics, disentangle processes of gain and loss in the socialist and post-socialist periods of Eastern Germany, and assess differences in ecosystem services provided by farm trees. A substantial increase of overall tree cover by 24.8% was observed for the selected time period, but trajectories have been disparate across different farm tree classes. The increase in tree cover was stronger in steep valleys than on hills and plateaus, indicating a significant interdependence between topography and trajectories of change. Patch numbers of farm trees did not increase, which suggests that the expansion of tree cover is mostly due to a spatial expansion of previously existing tree patches. Overall net gains in tree cover were rather similar during the socialist and post-socialist eras. The general increase in tree cover was accompanied by increases in agriculture-related ecosystem service provision, but the increase in pollination and pest control services was much lower than that in water purification services. These findings present the first empirical evidence from an industrialized country that there is also an ongoing ‘forest transition’ outside closed forests. Potential, partially counteracting drivers of change during the socialist and post-socialist periods have mainly been related to farm policies and the environmental consciousness of land users and society as a whole.
Eastern Mediterranean silvopastoral oak woodlands have been greatly damaged through forest conversion, illegal lumbering, overgrazing, and forest fires. The aim of this study was to assess land-use changes and the legacies that they have imprinted on the forest structure of Quercus macrolepis and accompanying Quercus pubescens and Quercus cerris woodlands on Lesvos Island, Greece. The size-structures of adult oak populations were analyzed as indicators of long-term oak regeneration, while short-term recruitment was determined by counting oak seedlings and saplings. The size-structure of the adult Q. macrolepis population was similar to the inverse J-shaped distribution typical for natural Mediterranean oak forests, indicating continuous recruitment with a constant mortality rate of mature individuals. Seedling and sapling densities were highly variable, but generally low in relation to adult oak densities. Recruitment of oak seedlings and saplings was positively related to determinants such as forest cover, adult oak density and basal area, woody plant richness, and litter cover. Both seedling and sapling occurrence was negatively associated with dung frequency, which suggests that sheep grazing imposes a barrier to oak recruitment. The study outlines a comprehensive land-use transition from the 1950s to the 1970s, during which a complex and multifunctional agrosilvopastoral land-use system was simplified to an intensive grazing system. The discrepancy between the successful long-term regeneration and the less successful short-term recruitment of oaks illustrates that intensified livestock grazing has been a major driver of vegetation change. Grazing impact is likely to interact with increasing drought conditions, which may trigger a negative feedback cycle that undermines the capacity of woodlands to sustain ecosystem services.
The potential of agriculture, forestry, and other land uses to sequester carbon offers a powerful tool for controlling the global climate regime, but practices capable of creating “collateral” benefits for landscape conservation have thus far been disregarded. This paper calls for greater integration of scattered trees into agricultural landscapes, hypothesizing that agroforestry practices effectively store carbon and deliver other important ecosystem services as well. Several agroforests from the Upper Lusatia area in Eastern Germany have been selected for analysis. They cover relatively large areas of land (8.2%), even within this intensively used agricultural landscape, and their extent increased from 1964-2008 by 19.4%. Practices of conserving or promoting the six agroforest classes are compared with a catalogue of essential properties for becoming effective “carbon offset projects”. Criteria from mandatory and voluntary carbon markets for carbon sequestration are then applied (additionality, baselines, permanence, and carbon leakage). The study concludes that steps towards realization of “carbon sequestration projects” should include collecting empirical evidence regarding the carbon sequestration potential of temperate agroforestry systems, developing localised demonstration projects, and upscaling these projects to participate in established carbon markets.
Numerous studies underline the importance of immaterial benefits provided by ecosystems and especially by cultural landscapes, which are shaped by intimate human–nature interactions. However, due to methodological challenges, cultural ecosystem services are rarely fully considered in ecosystem services assessments. This study performs a spatially explicit participatory mapping of the complete range of cultural ecosystem services and several disservices perceived by people living in a cultural landscape in Eastern Germany. The results stem from a combination of mapping exercises and structured interviews with 93 persons that were analyzed with statistical and GIS-based techniques. The results show that respondents relate diverse cultural services and multiple local-level sites to their individual well-being. Most importantly, aesthetic values, social relations and educational values were reported. Underlining the holistic nature of cultural ecosystem services, the results reveal bundles of services as well as particular patterns in the perception of these bundles for respondent groups with different socio-demographic backgrounds. Cultural services are not scattered randomly across a landscape, but rather follow specific patterns in terms of the intensity, richness and diversity of their provision. Resulting hotspots and coldspots of ecosystem services provision are related to landscape features and land cover forms. We conclude that, despite remaining methodological challenges, cultural services mapping assessments should be pushed ahead as indispensable elements in the management and protection of cultural landscapes. Spatially explicit information on cultural ecosystem services that incorporates the differentiated perceptions of local populations provides a rich basis for the development of sustainable land management strategies. These could realign the agendas of biodiversity conservation and cultural heritage preservation, thereby fostering multifunctionality.
In diesem Politikpapier definieren die Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler der Nachwuchsgruppe Ökosystemleistungen sieben Leitlinien für die Sicherung und Förderung von Ökosystemleistungen in Kulturlandschaften. Sie zeigen auf, wie diese in dem in Deutschland bestehenden Politikgefüge konkretisiert und implementiert werden können.
Die diversen Auswirkungen des globalen Wandels erfordern in den betroffenen Regionen spezifische, den jeweiligen Bedingungen angepasste Handlungsstrategien und Maßnahmen. Hierfür erste Vorschläge zu entwickeln war ein Ziel der interdisziplinären Arbeitsgruppe Globaler Wandel – Regionale Entwicklung. Im Folgenden sollen daher zunächst übergeordnete Herausforderungen des globalen Wandels skizziert werden, die alle untersuchten Themenfelder betreffen. Daran schließt die Darstellung von Brückenprinzipien an, die eine Handlungsorientierung für den Umgang mit den Folgen des globalen Wandels bieten können. Am Ende steht ein Ausblick auf weitergehende Forschungsarbeiten.
Insbesondere in vielen ländlichen Regionen wurden zahlreiche Infrastrukturen in ihrer gegenwärtigen Verfasstheit prekär. Zumeist wird die verminderte Passfähigkeit als Größen- und Niveauproblem beschrieben, das heißt als quantitative Überdimensionierung. Dies erklärt, weshalb das „Schrumpfen“ der Infrastrukturen und Absenken auf Mindeststandards als Anpassungslösungen bevorzugt werden (Barlösius & Neu 2007). Die gegenwärtigen infrastrukturellen Um-, Rück- und Aufbauten schreiben zumeist die historisch gewachsenen, auf die industrielle Produktion, den „sorgenden Wohlfahrtsstaat“ (de Swan 2003) und die Grenzen des Nationalstaats abgestimmten Spurungen, Trassierungen, räumlichen Fixierungen und Lokalisierungen fort – nur kleiner und knapper dimensioniert, in der Fläche ausgedünnt und auf einem quantitativ reduzierten Niveau. Ein wichtiger Grund dafür ist, dass den meisten Infrastrukturen eine aufwändige Materialisierung, Institutionalisierung und Habitualisierung zu eigen ist und ihnen folglich ein enormes Beharrungsvermögen innewohnt. Die Debatten wie auch die real stattfi ndenden Umbauten zielen oftmals mehr darauf, die historisch gewachsenen Infrastrukturen in ihrer bisherigen baulichen Realisierung und institutionellen Verfasstheit aufrechtzuerhalten, wenn auch geschrumpft, privatisiert und mit neuen Praktiken ausgestattet, als sich daran zu orientieren, welche Funktionen sie erfüllen sollten, ob neue entstehen müssten oder bisherige überholt sind. Auf zurückgehende Schülerzahlen wird zumeist mit einer Zusammenlegung von Schulen und der Heraufsetzung der Schülerzahlen pro Klasse reagiert, oder Schulstandorte werden ganz aufgegeben. Im Ergebnis fahren nun die Schüler zu den zentralisierten Schulstandorten. Dezentrale oder kleinere Lösungen verbreiten sich nur langsam und werden von oberen Schulbehörden oft misstrauisch beobachtet. Innovative Lösungen wie Flexibilisierung und Bürgerpartizipation werden zwar eingefordert, doch nur selten erfolgreich umgesetzt. Woran liegt das?