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Minderheiten und Mehrheiten : Erkundungen religiöser Komplexität im mittelalterlichen Afro-Eurasien
(2020)
In der aufgeheizten öffentlichen Debatte erscheinen die monotheistischen Religionen als Ursache von Gewalt und religiöser Intoleranz. Radikale Gruppen bedienen sich der Gewaltgeschichte und der religiösen Polemik der mittelalterlichen Jahrhunderte für ihre politischen Strategien. Dabei nutzen sie die weit verbreitete Annahme, dass gegenwärtige Erfahrungen religiöser Komplexität eine neuartige Erscheinung sind, die den vermeintlich ursprünglichen Zustand entstellen. Es scheint daher angebracht, sich die bekannte Tatsache vor Augen zu führen, dass die Duldung anderer monotheistischer Gruppen in den christlichen und islamischen Herrschaftsgebieten Eurasiens in den mittelalterlichen Jahrhunderten üblich gewesen ist. Tatsächlich scheint die echte monoreligiöse Situation mancher Regionen als erklärungsbedürftige Ausnahme. Ferner waren die herrschenden christlichen oder islamischen Gruppen nicht selten zu Beginn in der numerischen Minderheit. Was bedeutet dies für die verflochtene Geschichte Eurasiens? In welchem Verhältnis standen religiöse Abgrenzung und soziale und kulturelle Verflechtung? Zu diesen Fragen wurden in den letzten Jahren neue Forschungsansätze entwickelt, die hier diskutiert und systematisiert werden sollen.
Concepts of Man – Concepts of Health: A Glimpse of Their Relationship in Antiquity With Relevance to Our Day and Age. Referring to ancient miraculous healing narratives, this article argues that concepts of health are inextricably intertwined with concepts of man. However, the relatively autonomous idea of medical treatments based on scientific reasoning is not an invention of modern secularization. It already existed in antiquity – even among people of faith. Gods and other religious authorities were regarded as mediating factors; they were not held responsible for diseases or cures. Examples from Christian and pagan traditions show that the interplay between ideas of man and concepts of health were extremely complex and diverse. Obviously, this was true already in antiquity – but it is even more evident in the present. Dualistic confrontations (e. g., pre-modern versus modern times, pre-scientific healing vs. academic medicine) are of little help to achieve universal health care and global health.
Health in Judaism: An Intercultural Discourse on Lack of Understanding and Misunderstanding in the Past and Present. Hardly any other religion pays as much attention to physical health as Judaism. Beginning with the Torah, the contrast between „healthy“ and „sick“ is already conceptualized and associated with the will of God and his plan of creation. In addition to the stereotype that Jews are sicker than their fellow human beings, there is an early claim that their state of health is better than that of other peoples. The religious writings of Judaism contain a large number of regulations that show how much the Greco- Roman doctrine of dietetics has been internalized, expanded and adapted to one’s own spiritual needs. There is broad consensus among today’s rabbis that health care, as described above all in the Talmud, was time-related and therefore should be based on today’s standards and findings while remaining in compliance with religious laws.