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Agroecosystems are vital for supplying ecosystem services to human society, but most modern farming practices impact detrimentally on the environment. Public agricultural support policies have been critically important in influencing the transformation of the farm sectors; however, few of them have been dedicated to enhancing ecosystem services beyond agricultural commodities. The largest agricultural support system worldwide, the European Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), has now come to a critical point, as major decisions concerning its design and implementation after 2013 are about to be taken. The debate on this reform process presents a unique opportunity to trigger a transition from commodity-based subsidy policies to policies centered on efficient provision of ecosystem services from agricultural land. To prompt such discussion, we formulate key recommendations informed by a review of ecosystem services literature and address verifiable links to human well-being, non-market valuation for balanced services provision, treatment of ecosystem services bundles, site-specific and regionalized approaches, matching spatial scales for different ecosystem services, funding permanence for payment schemes, strong monitoring and adaptive approaches to tackling uncertainties, and coherent cross-sectoral policy design. If these issues were to be considered in formulating and implementing future CAP, it might become an exemplar for redirecting agricultural policies elsewhere in the world towards sustainability.
This study explores the potential of historical maps to detect, measure and monitor changes of trees outside forests. The main goal is to assess local-level changes of scattered trees and orchards and their land-use determinants in two areas in Southern Germany between 1901/1905 and 2009. Firstly, overall landscape changes are recorded. Secondly, the spatial-temporal trajectories of scattered trees and their land-use determinants are identified. Thirdly, changes in quantity and fragmentation patterns of traditional orchards are analyzed in their relationship to overall land-cover change. The results confirm major losses in scattered trees, mainly due to urbanization, agricultural intensification, and land abandonment. They further reveal that, while orchards have persisted in total area, they have undergone critical changes towards a simplified landscape structure and loss of the traditional land-use mosaic, which is a characterizing feature of high nature value landscapes. Multi-temporal assessment showed that most trends have been continuous and did not change directions over time, but rather accelerated during periods of rapid change (most dramatically in the 1950-1990 period). The case of orchards and scattered trees illustrates a major problem of cultural landscapes in Europe: Semi-natural landscape features of high nature value are threatened by both intensification and abandonment of land uses. This makes their conservation a potentially costly enterprise, as both opportunity costs for lost alternative land uses and for conservation management costs arise.
Das Feld der computerunterstützten Analyse von Filmen ist in den Digital Humanities noch vergleichbar neu. Ein Aspekt der dabei besondere Aufmerksamkeit erfahren hat ist die Analyse der Farblichkeit in Filmen. Die meisten Projekte greifen dabei auf den im Kontext der Farbquantifizierung gängigen K-Means Clustering Algorithmus zurück. Der Vortrag zeigt, warum dieser Ansatz für die Filminterpretation nur bedingt brauchbar ist und warum bisherige Ansätze eines Konzepts ermangeln, welches die Probleme in Zusammenhang mit K-Means zu reflektieren und zu kompensieren vermag. Er schlägt eine alternative Herangehensweise auf der Grundlage der Farbkontrasttheorie von Johannes Itten vor und zeigt, wie innerhalb dieses Konzepts computerunterstützt mit Filmen gearbeitet werden kann. Die aufgezeigten Probleme und Vorschläge werden dabei an Hand von aktuellem Filmmaterial aus dem Genre des Zombiefilms illustriert.
Unter dem Begriff Telota (»the electronic life of the academy«) werden sämtliche Aktivitäten zur Durchsetzung der elektronischen Arbeits- und Publikationsstrategie an der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zusammengefasst. In dem Aufsatz werden die Entstehung der Telota-Initiative skizziert, die geleisteten Arbeiten zur Durchsetzung von Open Access beschrieben und die zukünftigen Aufgaben umrissen.