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In diesem Buch zeigt der Physiker und Biologe Alfred Gierer - er ist Direktor am Max-Planck- Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie - die Reichweite, aber auch die prinzipiellen Grenzen naturwissenschaftlichen Denkens auf. Beides wird nirgends so deutlich wie im Verhältnis der Biologie zur Physik: Hier stellen sich die Fragen, was Leben ist, wie es entstand und sich bis zur Höhe des Menschen entwickelte, wie der Reichtum der Formen zu verstehen ist und in welcher Beziehung das Bewußtsein, die “Seele”, zu einem wissenschaftlichen Verständnis der Lebensvorgänge steht. “Die Physik, das Leben und die Seele” informiert über diese wichtigen Zusammenhänge in allgemeinverständlicher Form und regt in besonderem Maße die Freude am kritischen Mitdenken an. Das Buch schlägt einen weiten Bogen von der Grundlagen der Physik und Logik über die neuen Erkenntnisse der Biologie bis zu der Frage, was uns die Naturwissenschaften über den Menschen und sein Bewußtsein lehren können - und was nicht.
Validity of physical laws for any aspect of brain activity and strict correlation of mental to physical states of the brain do not imply, with logical necessity, that a complete algorithmic theory of the mind-body relation is possible. A limit of decodability may be imposed by the finite number of possible analytical operations which is rooted in the finiteness of the world. It is considered as a fundamental intrinsic limitation of the scientific approach comparable to quantum indeterminacy and the theorems of logical undecidability. An analysis of these limits, applied to dispositions of future behaviour, suggests that limits of decodability of the psycho-physic relation may actually exist with respect to brain states with self-referential aspects, as they are involved in mental processes. Limits for an algorithmic theory of the mind-body problem suggested by this study are formally similar to other intrinsic limits of the scientific method such as quantum indeterminacy and mathematical undecidability which are also related to self-referential operations. At the metatheoretical level, hard sciences, despite their reliability, universality and objectivity, depend on metatheoretical presuppositions which allow for multiple philosophical interpretations.
The paper addresses the formation of striking patterns within originally near-homogenous tissue, the process prototypical for embryology, and represented in particularly puristic form by cut sections of hydra regenerating a complete animal with head and foot. Essential requirements are autocatalytic, self-enhancing activation, combined with inhibitory or depletion effects of wider range - “lateral inhibition”. Not only de-novo-pattern formation, but also well known, striking features of developmental regulation such as induction, inhibition, and proportion regulation can be explained on this basis. The theory provides a mathematical recipe for the construction of molecular models with criteria for the necessary non-linear interactions. It has since been widely applied to different developmental processes.
Applying mild methods of preparation, part of the ribosomes of rabbit reticulocytes are found in aggregates (later called polyribosomes) of up to six ribosomal units. Upon treatment with RNA-ase, they desintegrate into single ribosomes. The fast-sedimenting aggregates are found to be more active in protein synthesis in terms of incorporation of radioactive amino acids, whereas the single ribosomes are more receptive to stimulation by the artificial messenger RNA poly-U. The findings indicate that the linkage of ribosomes into aggregates is due to the messenger RNA. They support a tape-reading mechanism of protein synthesis whereby growth of the peptide chain is accompanied by shifting the active site of the ribosome from one coding group of nucleotides of the messenger RNA to the next.
Upon separation of the protein from the nucleic acid component of tobacco mosaic virus by phenol, using a fast and gentle procedure, the nucleic acid is infective in assays on tobacco leaves. A series of qualitative and quantitative control experiments demonstrates that the biological activity cannot depend on residual proteins in the preparation, but is a property of isolated nucleic acid which is thus the genetic material of the virus.