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Controversies Over the Concept of Mental Disorders. Just like persons suffering from somatic diseases, those experiencing mental disorders, maladies, or diseases should be provided with care and protection from certain social demands. Yet, any disease concept should be precise enough to avoid classification of behavior as pathological while it is merely socially undesirable in the current political system. This paper reviews various conflicting concepts of disease, illness and sickness. In addition, it provides a narrower definition of a so-called clinically relevant mental malady. This definition is characterized by a) an impairment of mental functions relevant for human life (the disease aspect of a mental malady) and b) personal harm either due to suffering (the illness aspect) or impaired activities of daily living that severely limit social participation (the sickness aspect). This chapter claims that any definition of disease-relevant mental dysfunctions should be critically reflected regarding its philosophical and anthropological foundation and ethical consequences. Criteria of disease, illness and sickness should no longer be defined by groups of professionals selected by the WHO or other institutions, but instead require public debates that include organizations of patients and relatives.
Der Denkanstoß 7„Apps und Wearables für die Gesundheit“ beschäftigt sich mit den Chancen und Herausforderungen, die durch sich stetig neu entwickelnde Gesundheitsapps und Wearables entstehen. Nicht alle dieser Apps und Wearables sind von gesundheitlichem Nutzen, sondern bedienen primär Marktinteressen. Andere, wie z.B. die Corona-Warn-App, bieten ein großes Potential für gesellschaftlichen und individuellen gesundheitlichen Nutzen. Die Entwicklungen im Bereich „Apps und Wearables für die Gesundheit“ sind teilweise so rasant, dass gesellschaftliche, ethische und rechtliche Fragestellungen kaum zeitnah und ausreichend diskutiert werden können. Der Nutzen der für die Forschung wichtigen Datenmengen, die mit Apps und Wearables generiert werden, wird dabei oftmals dem Datenschutz untergeordnet. Dieser „Denkanstoß“ möchte dazu anregen, über das Dilemma aus Datenschutz versus Datennutzen nachzudenken und Lösungen zu entwickeln.
Adequate Health Care – Appropriate Care. The understanding of health is highly relevant in ethical as well as health policy terms because it is linked to entitlement to health services. In addition, conclusions can be drawn from what we consider to be appropriate health care to the current prevailing understanding of health and illness. The article describes the conceptual complexity of the normative concept of adequate health care and the opportunities and challenges of its effective operationalization.
One Health and Human-Animal Relationships: Do We Make Our Animals Sick? Since the very beginning of human-animal relationships, humankind took advantage of animals, as of nature in general. While many people today perceive themselves as animal-loving, in reality we tend to systematically deprive our farm animals and pets of their own nature and health. On our quest to perfect our exploitation of the animal world, we reached a dimension that started to profoundly worry veterinary professionals, animal welfare activists, and also the informed public. Ultimately, this destructive relationship leads to detrimental consequences for both parties: e. g., the extinction of wild animals, or the transmission of diseases from one to the other. However, one could argue that the suffering we cause to animals clearly and by far exceeds the harm caused by, for example, the animal-derived COVID-19. Is this a too provocative hypothesis? This article is an invitation to take a closer look at various facets of our current humananimal relationship with its consequences for both.