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- Interdisziplinäre Arbeitsgruppe Zukunft der Medizin: "Gesundheit für alle" (69) (remove)
Der Denkanstoß 7„Apps und Wearables für die Gesundheit“ beschäftigt sich mit den Chancen und Herausforderungen, die durch sich stetig neu entwickelnde Gesundheitsapps und Wearables entstehen. Nicht alle dieser Apps und Wearables sind von gesundheitlichem Nutzen, sondern bedienen primär Marktinteressen. Andere, wie z.B. die Corona-Warn-App, bieten ein großes Potential für gesellschaftlichen und individuellen gesundheitlichen Nutzen. Die Entwicklungen im Bereich „Apps und Wearables für die Gesundheit“ sind teilweise so rasant, dass gesellschaftliche, ethische und rechtliche Fragestellungen kaum zeitnah und ausreichend diskutiert werden können. Der Nutzen der für die Forschung wichtigen Datenmengen, die mit Apps und Wearables generiert werden, wird dabei oftmals dem Datenschutz untergeordnet. Dieser „Denkanstoß“ möchte dazu anregen, über das Dilemma aus Datenschutz versus Datennutzen nachzudenken und Lösungen zu entwickeln.
Obwohl Gesundheit für alle Menschen essentiell ist, unterliegt das Verständnis des Begriffs »Gesundheit« jeweils historisch, regional und kulturell unterschiedlichen Einflüssen. Mit verschiedenen Festlegungen von »Gesundheit und Krankheit« werden auch die Aufgaben der Medizin unterschiedlich definiert.
Dieser Band ist dem Thema »Verständnis(se) von Gesundheit« gewidmet, einem der Kernthemen der interdisziplinären Arbeitsgruppe der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften »Zukunft der Medizin: Gesundheit für alle«. Es wird u.a. der Frage nachgegangen, wie die Medizin Krankheiten nicht nur immer besser therapieren kann, sondern wie sie außerdem besser imstande sein könnte, Gesundheit zu bewahren. Die Beiträge zeigen historische Kontinuitäten auf und verbinden diese mit kulturgeschichtlichen Besonderheiten aus allen Regionen der Welt, Europa, China, Indien, Afrika, Südamerika sowie mit philosophischen Aspekten, z.B. der Frage der Verantwortung für die eigene Gesundheit. So ergibt sich ein holistisch(er)er Gesundheitsbegriff, aus dem neue Perspektiven für die evidenzbasierte Medizin erwachsen.
Ein eigener Buchteil ist dem Verständnis von Gesundheit aus Sicht einzelner Patienten und den Empfehlungen an die Politik gewidmet.
- interdisziplinärer Zugang zum Thema Medizin inkl. historischer Beiträge
- holistisches Verständnis von Gesundheit, das regionale Medizintraditionen miteinbezieht
- Aufzeigen blinder Flecken medizinischer Versorgung und Empfehlungen an die Politik
Introduction – Reflections on Concepts of Health in Their Context. Contrary to what is often believed, health is not simply an objective condition that is easily determined and measured by strict medical criteria in clinical or scientific settings. It is a multifaceted phenomenon whose perception and understanding is influenced profoundly by people’s personal experience, cultural background and social environment. Correspondingly, there is great variety in concepts and definitions of health, both today and in a historical perspective. This collection of studies examines a number of such contextual factors that influence concepts, values and practices related to health, both present and past. It also makes a number of recommendations relevant to medical professionals, politicians, patients and other healthcare stakeholders as to how healthcare systems can be improved and enriched. It advocates a holistic approach to the understanding of health and disease, which involves embracing historical and philosophical concepts in medical reasoning, learning from health practices originated in other parts of the world and establishing interdisciplinary ways of thinking in biomedical research and clinical care.
Vernunft als Therapie und Krankheit: Medizinische Denkfiguren in der Geschichte der Philosophie
(2021)
Reason as Therapy and Illness: Medical Figures of Thought in the History of Philosophy. This paper tackles the question how philosophers have used medical metaphors, analogies or aspects of medical theories in their works. It discusses the idea of ancient Greek philosophy as a medicine of the soul, as well as the Christian surgery of the text-body and finally, how madness became a central problem for the philosophical conception of reason.
Health, Lifestyle and Responsibility: Historical Roots and Current Perspectives. The question to what extent health and disease are matters of individual and collective human responsibility was first raised and systematically discussed in ancient Greek medicine and philosophy in the 5th and 4th century BCE. This chapter discusses the consequences of these discussions for the definition of the aims and methods of the medical art, in particular the preservation and enhancement of health and the prevention of disease through lifestyle-related prophylactic and therapeutic measures. It also considers some of the implications of these ancient discussions for today’s theory and practice of preventative and lifestyle-related medicine.
Body Resonance: On the Neophenomenological Concept of Health. In contemporary philosophy, one can observe a trend of reorientation towards the (living) body (Leib), thereby declaring it a relevant topic of philosophical thinking. In this article, the so-called New Phenomenology will be discussed as an approach that aims to overcome the ignorance of health in Western philosophy. Following the ideas of Hermann Schmitz, the founder of New Phenomenology, the author introduces the concept of body resonance (Leibesgestimmtheit). In addition, some therapeutic tendencies within the neophenomenological scene are presented.
The Normative Practice of Health and Disease. „Health“ and „disease“ are frequently used terms with a high relevance for our everyday lives. Their spectrum of meaning is very extensive, but also ambivalent, because they are not adequately captured by a purely medical-scientific approach. The forms of knowledge associated with „disease“ and „health“ are rather diverse and allow different ways of looking at them side by side in a justified manner. Against this background, the relationship between scientific and life world approaches to these phenomena is of central importance, because this results in very different claims to an interpretative sovereignty of „health“ and „disease“. For these states not merely have an associated dimension, but an essentially practical-normative one, so that they cannot simply be reduced to a biological function or dysfunction. This becomes especially clear when the assignment of dysfunctional conditions to the concept of disease results in immediate options for action that are not simply limited to a chapter expansion of medical textbooks, but may lead to fundamental personal and social changes. For this side of „disease“ and „health“ reflects not only medical developments, but also normative attitudes in science and society. These in turn are also decisive for the communicative structure in the doctorpatient relationship.
The Art of Medicine and Philosophy: On the Genesis of a Basic Relationship in European Thought. Referring to the examples of Hippocrates and Socrates, in this essay, we establish the thesis that philosophy and medicine in Greek philosophy are to be regarded as strongly interdependent. In their view, interpretations of health and disease are intertwined with various contexts or settings such as living conditions, environment and climate, which has implications for the therapy of patients as an art of healing. The relevance and philosophical perspectives of this epoch for modern medicine and public health on a globalized planet are highlighted.
Concepts of Man – Concepts of Health: A Glimpse of Their Relationship in Antiquity With Relevance to Our Day and Age. Referring to ancient miraculous healing narratives, this article argues that concepts of health are inextricably intertwined with concepts of man. However, the relatively autonomous idea of medical treatments based on scientific reasoning is not an invention of modern secularization. It already existed in antiquity – even among people of faith. Gods and other religious authorities were regarded as mediating factors; they were not held responsible for diseases or cures. Examples from Christian and pagan traditions show that the interplay between ideas of man and concepts of health were extremely complex and diverse. Obviously, this was true already in antiquity – but it is even more evident in the present. Dualistic confrontations (e. g., pre-modern versus modern times, pre-scientific healing vs. academic medicine) are of little help to achieve universal health care and global health.
Health in Judaism: An Intercultural Discourse on Lack of Understanding and Misunderstanding in the Past and Present. Hardly any other religion pays as much attention to physical health as Judaism. Beginning with the Torah, the contrast between „healthy“ and „sick“ is already conceptualized and associated with the will of God and his plan of creation. In addition to the stereotype that Jews are sicker than their fellow human beings, there is an early claim that their state of health is better than that of other peoples. The religious writings of Judaism contain a large number of regulations that show how much the Greco- Roman doctrine of dietetics has been internalized, expanded and adapted to one’s own spiritual needs. There is broad consensus among today’s rabbis that health care, as described above all in the Talmud, was time-related and therefore should be based on today’s standards and findings while remaining in compliance with religious laws.
Byzantine Medicine as a Concept of Late Ancient Christian Healing Art. The great success of Greco-Roman medicine – in its main stream a brilliant combination of humoral pathology and dietetics canonized by Galen of Pergamon in the 2nd century CE – is probably the most surprising phenomenon of conceptual longevity in the history of Western culture and civilization. Its decline begins as late as in the early 17th century, when William Harvey describes the circulation of blood on the basis of the new experimental method, initiating not only the collapse of Galen’s theory of blood circulation, but also of humoral physiology and pathology in general. Only then, i. e., more than 1500 years after Galen and 2000 years after Hippocrates, new theoretical concepts of medicine appear on the horizon, gradually replacing medical thinking of antiquity. However, the evolution of Greco-Roman medicine was not a straightforward process; it was strongly influenced by changes in language and dramatic institutional and political changes after the separation of the Roman Empire at the end of the 4th century. Byzantine medicine in the East encompasses the common medical practices of the empire from about 400 to 1453 AD, compiling and standardizing medical knowledge and wisdom (iatrosophia) into new Greek textbooks.
Doing Health: Chinese and Other Perspectives. In ancient China, health was related to the individual person and their unique life. Both medical and philosophical texts testify to this: Maintaining vitality in the course of one’s own lifespan was a priority. Daily caring for one’s health revolved around Qi 氣 – a universal medium that is at the same time material and spiritual, emotional and neutral, unitary and diverse, as well as biological, psychological and physiological. Health thus becomes a verb, an act, a property to be preserved, a wavering and oscillating between pleasure and strength. Not least because of the pandemic, the demand for ‘traditional’ healing expertise rose worldwide. Against this background, early Chinese views on life are of unprecedented importance: From their perspective, a reorientation of public and global health policies seems inevitable.
The Āyurvedic Concept of Health. Āyurveda denominates the most important traditional medical system in South Asia. It looks back on an extensive corpus of literature from the past two thousand years. Since the 1980s, Āyurvedic medical practice has been increasingly spread outside South Asia. One reason for its success might be that Āyurveda places great emphasis on the maintenance of health, prevention, and regeneration. It also developed a broad and differentiated spectrum of diagnostic and therapeutic options, which, based on its own systematic paradigm, have been elaborated in detail over millennia. Āyurveda’s canonical texts not only provide systematic descriptions and definitions of the Āyurvedic understanding of health, they also contain detailed treatises regarding their relevance for everyday life and concrete medical instructions. This article provides basic information about the Āyurvedic understanding of health and contextualizes it within the everyday practice of both conventionally and Āyurvedically trained medical doctors in Germany.
Health in the Presence of the Ancestors: African Healers between Acceptance and Denial: A Case Study from South Africa. Health and well-being for all is the ambitious aim of the third of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations (UN). The no less ambitious definition of health of the World Health Organization (WHO) defines that health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. While in biomedical contexts treatment concentrates on physical healing, in the South African context the idea of healing and well-being subsumes a combination of physical, mental and social treatment and includes the ancestors and medicinal plants as an important category in the healing process. The ancestors in particular are representatives of the social past that reaches into the present. Healing as such has a multifaceted dimension even beyond the definition of health as proposed by the WHO.
The Amazon Basin: A Forgotten Cultural Landscape and Its Medicine. While the Amazon region’s ecological importance remains uncontested, its role as a cultural hotspot is largely unknown to most people. Yet, recent archeological findings revise the image of a lush but inhospitable landscape whose farm produce could not sustain advanced civilization. The indigenous people today are only a tiny remainder of a far bigger population that developed impressive agricultural and forest engineering skills – until it was wiped out by diseases brought in from Europe. In fact, modern medicine benefits greatly from biological knowledge of indigenous Amazonians even today. This resource could prove to be much more valuable than any short-term profit realized by slash-and-burn farming or the extraction of raw materials. Therefore, it is all the more important to protect this endangered region. Scientific research will not only help to rescue indigenous biomedical knowledge, it will also give back respect and dignity to socalled savages and their cultural achievements.
A Movement Culture as an Elementary Component of Social and Individual Health: What Can We Learn from the Aboriginal People of Australia? The Aboriginal People’s traditional movement culture is part of the oldest health concept known to man. What can we still save and take on for our society today?
Local Concepts of Health and Illness in Transition: Examples from Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea societies integrate traditional medicine, biomedicine, shamanic practices, and Christian healing techniques into herbal therapies. During an episode of illness, patients pragmatically apply different diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Concepts of person and body are central to indigenous illness etiologies and therapeutic practices. This contribution offers an insight into local concepts of health in Papua New Guinea, shows interfaces of local medical systems with biomedical approaches, and addresses the constant change to which medical systems are subject.