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Most industrial countries have experienced a transformation of land use: from decreasing to expanding forest areas, the so-called forest transition. Outside closed forests, European rural landscapes exhibit a diversity of tree-based agricultural systems, but the question of whether this forest transition has also affected ‘trees outside forests’ has rarely been studied. The aim of this study is to analyze the spatial-temporal dynamics of farm trees and woodlands in an agricultural landscape in Eastern Germany from 1964 to 2008, based on aerial photographs and digital orthophotos. Taking a landscape ecological perspective, we quantify farm tree dynamics, disentangle processes of gain and loss in the socialist and post-socialist periods of Eastern Germany, and assess differences in ecosystem services provided by farm trees. A substantial increase of overall tree cover by 24.8% was observed for the selected time period, but trajectories have been disparate across different farm tree classes. The increase in tree cover was stronger in steep valleys than on hills and plateaus, indicating a significant interdependence between topography and trajectories of change. Patch numbers of farm trees did not increase, which suggests that the expansion of tree cover is mostly due to a spatial expansion of previously existing tree patches. Overall net gains in tree cover were rather similar during the socialist and post-socialist eras. The general increase in tree cover was accompanied by increases in agriculture-related ecosystem service provision, but the increase in pollination and pest control services was much lower than that in water purification services. These findings present the first empirical evidence from an industrialized country that there is also an ongoing ‘forest transition’ outside closed forests. Potential, partially counteracting drivers of change during the socialist and post-socialist periods have mainly been related to farm policies and the environmental consciousness of land users and society as a whole.
In diesem Politikpapier definieren die Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler der Nachwuchsgruppe Ökosystemleistungen sieben Leitlinien für die Sicherung und Förderung von Ökosystemleistungen in Kulturlandschaften. Sie zeigen auf, wie diese in dem in Deutschland bestehenden Politikgefüge konkretisiert und implementiert werden können.
Die öffentliche Debatte in Deutschland um den Einsatz der Gentechnologie bei Pflanzen hält unverändert an. Gleichzeitig sind die weltweiten Anbauflächen gentechnisch veränderter Pflanzen in den letzten Jahren kontinuierlich angestiegen. Verpasst Deutschland den Anschluss? Oder ersetzen andere technologische Entwicklungen die Gentechnologie? Vorgestellt werden aktuelle wissenschaftliche Entwicklungen, die sich hinter Schlagworten wie „Smart Breeding“, „cis-gene Pflanzen“ und „Biomasseproduktion“ verbergen. Zugleich werden die ökonomischen Potenziale der grünen Gentechnologie diskutiert und die neuesten Daten über die Entwicklung in Deutschland präsentiert. Das Supplement zur grünen Gentechnologie aktualisiert und ergänzt das Kapitel zur Pflanzenzüchtung im Gentechnologiebericht der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mit seinem komplexen Monitoring will der Bericht über aktuelle Fragen informieren und zu einer Moderation der öffentlichen Debatte beitragen.